Natural history of patients with infantile nephrolithiasis: what are the predictors of surgical intervention?

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the risk factors for the requirement of surgical intervention in infants with nephrolithiasis. METHODS: The medical records of 122 (156 kidney units (KU)) infants were reviewed. The clinical features, stone characteristics, changes in stone status, and treatment protocols were noted. The stone status of the KU was categorized into 3 groups according to the change in size between the first and last ultrasound: resolution, unchanged, and growth. RESULTS: The median age was 8 months (r: 2-12). The median length of follow-up was 16 months (r: 10-36). Resolution was detected in 94 KUs (60%). Stone growth was detected in 39 KUs (25%), and stone size was unchanged in 23 KUs (15%). Surgical intervention was required in 26 patients (17%). A history of intensive care unit (ICU) follow-up and a stone size > 5 mm at time of diagnosis were defined as independent risk factors for stone growth (p = 0.005, < 0.001, respectively). The surgical intervention rate was higher in stones > 5 mm and stones with pelvic localization (p = 0.018, 0.021, respectively). Stone resolution was higher in patients with stone size ≤ 5 mm (p = 0.018). CONCLUSION: A stone size > 5 mm at the time of diagnosis and a history of ICU follow-up are independent risk factors for stone growth. Pelvic localization of stones and stones > 5 mm are associated with an increased risk of surgical intervention.

Evaluation of co-existing diseases in children with familial Mediterranean fever.

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is A common periodic fever syndrome. The causative gene of the FMF is named Mediterranean Fever gene (MEFV). Increased inflammation in FMF may play a role as a trigger for the development of some diseases. The objective of the study is to evaluate the frequency of comorbid disorders in children followed up with diagnosis of FMF. Additionally, we aimed to assess the association between FMF and other inflammatory conditions in a large pediatric FMF cohort. A total of 686 FMF patients were included in the cross-sectional study. A questionnaire including questions about characteristics of fever episodes, presence of arthralgia, arthritis, abdominal pain, chest pain during and co-existence of any other disease diagnosed by a physician was filled out by face-to-face interviews with patients or their parents. Female-male ratio was 0.85. Median age at the time of study, age at disease onset and at the time of diagnosis were 12.9 (1.7-22.3), 3 (0.08-17), and 6 (0.75-17) years, respectively. In 130 (18.9%) FMF patients we detected co-existing inflammatory condition. The most common co-existing diseases were: juvenile idiopathic arthritis 42 (6.1%), asthma/reactive airway disease 29 (4.2%), Henoch-Schönlein purpura 20 (2.9%), uveitis 12 (1.7%) and inflammatory bowel disease 10 (1.4%). Except for asthma/reactive airway disease and inflammatory bowel disease, there was no significant difference regarding the type of MEFV gene mutation. We have reported increased frequencies of various inflammatory conditions and decreased frequency of asthma in patients with FMF.

Clinical and immunophenotypic characteristics of patients with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a single institution's experience.

AIM: The aim of this study was to identify the clinical and immunologic features of patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome who were followed up in our clinic. Thus, it is aimed to identify the syndrome early, choose the right treatment options according to humoral and cellular immunologic analysis, and enlighten how to follow up these kinds of patients with immunodeficiencies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively collected data by reviewing the files of 11 patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome who were followed up in our clinic between January 2003 and January 2015. The diagnoses were based on the patients' clinical, genetic, and immunologic features. Demographic features, family history, initial symptoms on admission, physical findings, and results of immunologic studies of the patients. Age of diagnosis, treatment options, and clinical follow-up were evaluated. RESULTS: The patients' diagnosis age ranged from 1-11 months and the most common symptoms of admission were cardiac murmur and atypical facial appearance, which were detected during a routine physical examination. All patients had cardiac anomalies, and four patients had a history of cardiovascular surgery. Eight patients (72.7%) had a history of severe infection; recurrent lower respiratory tract infections were reported in six patients (54.5%), pulmonary tuberculosis in one patient (9.1%), and moniliasis resistant to treatment was detected in one patient. None of the patients required intravenous immunoglobulin replacement therapy, and antibiotic prophylaxis was administered to two patients with lymphopenia. CONCLUSION: 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a multi-systemic disorder that should be evaluated by a multidisciplinary team. It should be kept in mind for patients with neonatal hypocalcemic tetany or recurrent infections or atypical facial appearance with cardiac anomalies. Early diagnosis should lead to immunologic analysis and enable the choice of treatment. Preventive measures against infection is recommended for the patients with incomplete immunodeficiency, and thymus transplantation is recommended for patients with complete immunodeficiency.

AMAÇ: Bu çalismada klinigimizde 22q11.2 delesyon sendromu tanisi ile izlenmekte olan hastalarin klinik ve immünolojik niteliklerinin tanimlanmasi amaçlanmistir. Böylece hastaligin erken taninmasina yardimci olmak, humoral ve hücresel immünolojik verilere göre tedavi seçeneklerine yönlendirmek ve bu immün yetersizlik hastalarinin nasil izlenecegine isik tutmak hedeflenmistir. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEMLER: Klinigimizde, Ocak 2003-Ocak 2015 tarihleri arasinda 22q11.2 delesyon sendromu tanisi ile izlenmekte olan 11 olgunun dosya verileri geriye dönük olarak incelendi. Hastalarin tanisi; klinik, genetik ve immünolojik niteliklere göre konuldu. Çalismaya alinan tüm hastalarin demografik nitelikleri, aile öyküsü, basvuru yakinmalari, fizik baki bulgulari, immünolojik inceleme sonuçlari, tani yasi, tedavi seçenegi ile klinik izlemleri irdelendi. BULGULAR: Hastalarin tani yasi 1-11 ay arasinda degismekte olup, en sik basvuru yakinmasi fizik baki sirasinda farkedilen atipik yüz görünümü ve kalpte duyulan üfürüm idi. Tüm hastalarin kalbinde anomali bulunur iken, dört hastada kardiyovasküler cerrahi girisim öyküsü vardi. Sekiz hastada (%72,7) ciddi enfeksiyon geçirme öyküsü olup; alti hastada (%54,5) sik tekrarlayan alt solunum yolu enfeksiyonu, bir hastada (%9,1) akciger tüberkülozu ve bir hastada (%9,1) inatçi moniliazis saptandi. Lenfopenik olan iki hastaya (%18,2) antibiyotik profilaksisi uygulanirken, hiçbir hastada intravenöz immünglobulin replasman tedavisi gereksinimi olmadi. ÇIKARIMLAR: Kromozom 22q11.2 delesyon sendromu, çoklu organ tutulumu nedeniyle birçok uzmanlik daliyla birlikte izlenmelidir. Yenidogan döneminde hipokalsemik tetani geçiren, kalp anomalisine eslik eden atipik yüz görünümü olan ve yineleyen enfeksiyon öyküsü olan hastalarda mutlaka akla getirilmelidir. Erken tani ile hastalarin immün sistem incelemesinin yapilmasi; kismi eksiklik durumunda enfeksiyonlardan koruyucu önlemler alinmasini, tam hücresel immün bozukluk olmasi durumunda ise timus nakli yapilmasina olanak saglayacaktir.

A Novel Mutation of KIF11 in a Child with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Associated with MCLMR.

Microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphedema, or mental retardation (MCLMR; OMIM 152950) is a rare autosomal dominantly inherited syndrome. Mutations in the kinesin family member 11 (KIF11) gene have been associated with this condition. Here, we report a de novo novel heterozygous missense mutation in exon 12 of the KIF11 gene [c.1402T>G; p.(Leu468Val)] in a boy with 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome. His major features were microcephaly, ventricular septal defect, congenital lymphedema of the feet, and distinct facial appearance including upslanting palpebral fissures, a broad nose with rounded tip, anteverted nares, long philtrum with a thin upper lip, pointed chin, and prominent ears. His right eye was enucleated due to subretinal hemorrhage and retinal detachment at age 3 months. Lacunae of chorioretinal atrophy and the pale optic disc were present in the left eye. He also had a de novo 1.6-Mb microdeletion in the Di George/VCFS region of chromosome 22q11.2 in SNP array, which was confirmed by FISH analysis. In this study, for the first time, we describe the co-occurrence of a KIF11 mutation and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome in a patient with MCLMR.