ABSTRACT
Azo dyes are of synthetic origin and their environmental fate is not well understood. They are resistant to direct aerobic bacterial degradation and form potentially carcinogenic aromatic amines by reduction of the azo group. This study shows that applying the oxidative processes of enzymatic treatment with laccase and ultrasound treatment, both alone and in combination, leads to dye degradation. Laccase treatment degraded both Acid Orange and Direct Blue dyes within 1-5 h but failed in the case of Reactive dyes, whereas ultrasound degraded all the dyes investigated (3-15 h). When applied as multi-stage combinations the treatments showed synergistic effects for dye degradation compared with individual treatments. Bulk light absorption (UV-Vis) and ion pairing HPLC were used for process monitoring. Additionally, mass spectrometry was used to elucidate the structures of intermediates arising from ultrasound treatment.
Subject(s)
Azo Compounds/analysis , Food Coloring Agents/analysis , Laccase/chemistry , Oxygen/chemistry , Azo Compounds/pharmacology , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Coloring Agents/pharmacology , Kinetics , Mass Spectrometry/methods , Models, Chemical , Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet/methods , Time Factors , Ultrasonics , Ultraviolet RaysABSTRACT
The goal of this work was to investigate the decomposition of azo dyes by oxidative methods, such as laccase and ultrasound treatments. Each of these methods has strong and feeble sides. The laccase treatment showed high decolorization rates but cannot degrade all investigated dyes (reactive dyes), and high anionic strength led to enzyme deactivation. Ultrasound treatment can decolorize all tested dyes after 3 h at a high energy input, and prolonged sonication leads to nontoxic ionic species, which was demonstrated by ion chromatography and toxicity assays. For the first time, it was shown that a combination of laccase and ultrasound treatments can have synergistic effects, which was shown by higher degradation rates. Bulk light absorption and ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography (IP-HPLC) were used for process monitoring, while with reversed-phase HPLC, a lower number of intermediates than expected by IP-HPLC was found. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated that both acid orange dyes lead to a common end product due to laccase treatment. Acid Orange 52 is demethylated by laccase and ultrasound treatment. Further results confirmed that the main effect of ultrasound is based on *OH attack on the dye molecules.
