Atomistic understanding of Ti3C2 MXene membrane performance for separation of nitrate ions from aqueous solutions.

Water desalination, which is a reliable method for providing drinking water and a suitable solution, as well as the membrane filtration method in wastewater treatment, has increased significantly in recent years. In this research, the separation of nitrite and nitrate ions from aqueous solutions was done using the MXene membrane of the Ti3C2 type using molecular dynamics simulation. In this study, various parameters, such as pore size MXene structure, characteristics of cavities, applied pressure, and flux were investigated. To investigate the removal of toxic pollutants from water, water flux, potential mean force, distribution of water molecules, and density were investigated. The results showed that the amount of penetration through the membrane increased with the increase in pressure. It was observed that by applying pressure to the system, the number of water molecules accumulated in front of the membrane decreases because they quickly pass through the membrane, which indicates the positive effect of increasing pressure on the separation rate of molecules. The permeability of this membrane was several times higher than the existing membranes in the industry. So that Mexene membranes, which consist of at least two layers, can repel ions with 100 % success.

Partial Reprogramming as a Method for Regenerating Neural Tissues in Aged Organisms.

Aging causes numerous age-related diseases, leading the human species to death. Nevertheless, rejuvenating strategies based on cell epigenetic modifications are a possible approach to counteract disease progression while getting old. Cell reprogramming of adult somatic cells toward pluripotency ought to be a promising tool for age-related diseases. However, researchers do not have control over this process as cells lose their fate, and cause potential cancerous cells or unexpected cell phenotypes. Direct and partial reprogramming were introduced in recent years with distinctive applications. Although direct reprogramming makes cells lose their identity, it has various applications in regeneration medicine. Temporary and regulated in vivo overexpression of Yamanaka factors has been shown in several experimental contexts to be achievable and is used to rejuvenate mice models. This regeneration can be accomplished by altering the epigenetic adult cell signature to the signature of a younger cell. The greatest advantage of partial reprogramming is that this method does not allow cells to lose their identity when they are resetting their epigenetic clock. It is a regimen of short-term Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc expression in vivo that prevents full reprogramming to the pluripotent state and avoids both tumorigenesis and the presence of unwanted undifferentiated cells. We know that many neurological age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, dementia, and Parkinson's disease, are the main cause of death in the last decades of life. Therefore, scientists have a special tendency regarding neuroregeneration methods to increase human life expectancy.

Simple methods for cerebrospinal fluid collection in fetal, neonatal, and adult rat.

BACKGROUND: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection and its analysis are common medical practices useful in the diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In recent years, several types of research have improved our insight into CSF and its role in health and disease. Yet, many characteristics of this fluid remain to be fully understood. NEW METHODS: Here, we describe how to collect CSF from embryonic, postnatal, and adult stages of the rat. In adults, CSF can be collected through simple stereotaxic surgery to expose the membrane overlying the cisterna magna (CM) of an anesthetized rat and collection of CSF through micropipette puncture through the membrane. In embryos and pups, CSF is aspirated, using a fire-polished micro-capillary pipette, from the CM of animals. RESULTS: Application of these methods provides the maximum volume of pure, uncontaminated CSF (embryonic day 19: 10-15 microliter, postnatal day 5: 20-30 microliter, adults: 100-200 microliter) with a success rate of approximately 95% in every age. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: Compared to the existing protocols, these methods obtain considerable volumes of CSF, which may accelerate the measurement of biological markers in this fluid. Also, these techniques do not require surgical skills and according to the practical points mentioned during sampling, the procedures can be performed in rapid fashion. CONCLUSION: We describe simple methods for collecting CSF in live rats. These protocols provide clean, uncontaminated CSF for experiments to understand the exact role of this fluid in the development and maintenance of the CNS health.

New insight into the electrochemical reduction of different aryldiazonium salts in aqueous solutions.

Electrochemical reduction of different aryldiazonium salts in aqueous solution was studied in this work and it is shown that the aryldiazonium salts are converted to the corresponding aryl radical and aryl anion. The results of this research indicate that the reduction of aryldiazonium salts takes place in two single-electron steps. Our data show that when the substituted group on the phenyl ring is H, Cl, OH, NO2, OCH3 or SO3 -, the corresponding diazonium salt shows poor adsorption characteristics, but when the substituted group is methyl, the corresponding diazonium salt shows strong adsorption characteristics. In the latter case, the voltammogram exhibits three cathodic peaks. In addition, the effect of various substitutions on the aryldiazonium reduction was studied by Hammett's method. The data are show that with increasing electron withdrawing capacity of the substituent, the reduction of corresponding diazonium salt becomes easier.

A new electrochemical strategy for the synthesis of a new type of sulfonamide derivatives.

This study is the first report of electrochemical generation of hydroxyimino-cyclohexa-dien-ylidene haloniums and their application in the synthesis of new halo-N-hydroxysulfonamide derivatives. These compounds were obtained in a one-pot process based on the reaction of halonium acceptors with arylsulfinic acids. The method is easy to carry out, as it is performed using the carbon electrodes in a simple undivided cell. The protocol has a broad substrate scope with a tolerance for a variety of functional groups. The proposed mechanism is a ping-pong type reaction mechanism, which in its first stage the halonitroarene is reduced at the cathode to related hydroxylamine and in the second stage the cathodically generated hydroxylamine by oxidation at the anode and participating in disproportionation reaction is converted to the halonium acceptor.

Two-Phase Electrochemical Generation of Aryldiazonium Salts: Application in Electrogenerated Copper-Catalyzed Sandmeyer Reactions.

The electrochemical generation of aryldiazonium salts from nitroarenes in a two-phase system (ethyl acetate/water) was reported for the first time. Some compounds including azo, azosulfone, and arylazides were prepared in good yields with good purity. Cathodically generated aryldiazoniums and anodically produced copper(Ι) ions were used to perform Sandmeyer reactions. To improve the method, an H-type self-driving cell equipped with a Zn rod as an anode was introduced and used for two-phase aryldiazonium production.