A preliminary experimental test of the crossed influences between the valence of collective memory and collective future thinking.

This research experimentally examined the crossed influences between the emotional valence of collective memory and collective future thinking. As remembering the past and imagining the future are shaped by the present, we additionally test whether perceived anomie (i.e., perceiving present society as disintegrated and disregulated) would moderate these influences. Study 1 (N = 228 French participants) manipulated the valence of collective memory (positive vs. negative French past) to test its effect on the valence of collective future thinking. Results showed that the salience of a negative (vs. positive) French past lead to the projection of a more negative French future only among participants who perceived present society as highly disregulated. Study 2 (N = 215) focused on the influence of the valence of collective future thinking (positive vs. negative French future) on the valence associated with the French past. Results showed that the salience of a negative (vs. positive) French future lead left-wing participants to rate more positively events/figures of the French past that are usually valued by conservatives. Taken together, these studies provided evidence of conditional effects in the crossed influences between the emotional valence of collective memory and collective future thinking, thus contributing to the recent literature on collective mental time travel.

Who Were We? Exploring French Past Group Prototypes.

Groups have cognitive existence through the prototype of the group (Haslam et al., 1995; https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420250504). Past group prototypes then refer to the most representative characteristics that define the group in these previous states. We suppose, as collective events might have different versions associated with different valences (Zaromb et al., 2014; https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-013-0369-7), this might also be the case for prototypes also held in the collective memory (Halbwachs, 1950; http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1522/cla.ham.mem1). After highlighting different facets of the past (Study 1) or not (Study 2), we used the "free association method" (Lo Monaco et al., 2017; https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.12124; Vergès, [1992], L'évocation de l'argent. Bulletin de Psychologie, 45(4-7), 203-209). Yet, this research explored the content of past prototypes associated with different elements of French collective memory: the French during the Second World War (Study 1, N = 301), and French people in 18th century (Study 2, N = 354). Results suggest the existence for each of these periods of a "two-sided" prototype, i.e., a positive vs. negative-valence prototype. The implications of the existence of these "two-sided" prototypes, the implication of collective continuity perceived for each of them and avenues for future research will be discussed.

Social representations of the coronavirus and causal perception of its origin: The role of reasons for fear.

In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic (between 26 March and 2 April 2020), we analysed (n = 1144) the social representations of the coronavirus and the differentiated perceptions according to the origins attributed to the appearance of the virus (Human vs Non-Human and Intentional vs Unintentional) in a French population. The results show that the social representation is organized around five potentially central descriptive, anxiety-provoking and globally negative elements. But death and contagion are the only stable and structuring elements. The other elements vary according to the reason attributed to the object of fear. Depending on how individuals attribute the origin of the virus, social representations of it vary not only in terms of their content but also in terms of their structure. These results indicate how important it is to consider the perceptions that individuals share about the human (vs non-human) and intentional (vs unintentional) origin of an object of fear in the analysis of their representation of that object.

Skepticism and defiance: Assessing credibility and representations of science.

Since the 1970s, there has been a growing interest in how individuals appropriate scientific knowledge, which has recently been reinforced by societal issues such as vaccine releases and skepticism about global warming. Faced with the health and social consequences of the mistrust of scientific knowledge, there is an urgent need for tools to measure the acceptance or rejection of scientific knowledge, while at the same time gaining a more detailed understanding of the processes involved. This is the purpose of this article. Thus, we conducted 4 empirical studies to provide a validation of the Credibility of Science Scale from the perspective of a French population, which aims to assess the credibility that individuals attribute to science and to empirically evaluate the link that may exist between the different levels of credibility attributed to science and the social representations of science. Studies 1a and 1b demonstrated good structural validity, the good fidelity (homogeneity and temporal stability), and the good criterion validity of the French version of the scale. In Study 2, we observed the same psychometric qualities of the French version of the scale. We also noted a structuring of the social representation of science based on age (Factor 1) and on the credibility attributed to science (Factor 2). Our results also raise the question of possible means of intervention to promote a better perception of science.

Social factors and preference for quality cues: Towards a social construction of wine quality.

Wine preferences and perceived related quality have led researchers to consider the choice strategies employed by consumers. This article proposes to address the question of the effect of the position occupied in the social space (e.g., socially dominated vs. socially dominant individuals) on the selection of cues for evaluating the quality of red and rosé wines. Participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire in the wine section of supermarkets located in the south of France. Taken as a whole, the results confirm our hypotheses. Via a Guttman effect in principle component analysis and contrast analyses, they tend to show a structural homology effect in relation to quality cue preferences. From a socio-psychological point of view, dominants express preferences for cues reflecting their knowledge of the product. By contrast, socially dominated individuals are more sensitive to the cues related to the aesthetic dimension of the product. The results are discussed in terms of the conceptualization of intrinsic vs. extrinsic cues.

Are reflective models appropriate for very short scales? Proofs of concept of formative models using the Ten-Item Personality Inventory.

OBJECTIVE: Because of their length and objective of broad content coverage, very short scales can show limited internal consistency and structural validity. We argue that it is because their objectives may be better aligned with formative investigations than with reflective measurement methods that capitalize on content overlap. As proofs of concept of formative investigations of short scales, we investigate the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI). METHOD: In Study 1, we administered the TIPI and the Big Five Inventory (BFI) to 938 adults and fitted a formative Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes model, which consisted of the TIPI items forming five latent variables, which in turn predicted the five BFI scores. These results were replicated in Study 2 on a sample of 759 adults, but this time with the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) as the external criterion. RESULTS: The models fit the data adequately, and moderate to strong significant effects (.37 < |ß| < .69, all ps < .001) of all five latent formative variables on their corresponding BFI and NEO-PI-R scores were observed. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents a formative approach that we propose to be more consistent with the aims of scales with broad content and short length like the TIPI.

[Measuring job satisfaction: Further validation of the Job Satisfaction Single Item Scale]. / Validation complémentaire d'une mesure de satisfaction au travail.

BACKGROUND: In France, there has been a growing interest in examining the determinants of positive occupational health dimensions that contribute to employees' quality of work life. Among those dimensions, job satisfaction has drawn the attention of many scholars. However, only few validated measures are available in French, and among these we identified the Job Satisfaction Single Item (JSSI). The aim of this article is to provide further empirical validation of the Job Satisfaction Single Item. METHOD: This study examined the sensitivity and criterion validity of the JSSI. More precisely, we examined, on the one hand, the links between scores on JSSIand other job satisfaction scale, and as well as occupational health and motivational measures, such as perceived stress, life satisfaction, happiness, perceived given and received social support, and finally with organizational commitment. We also verified that the JSSI is a time-saving measure, compared measure compared to longer job satisfaction scales. RESULTS: The JSSI showed appropriate sensitivity and satisfying criterion validity with both positive and negative occupational health measures. Finally, the JSSI took significantly less time to complete than measures including five items and twenty items. CONCLUSION: This furthered validation reaffirmed the good psychometric qualities of the JSSI. Thus JSSI appears to be an appropriate and a time-saving measure job satisfaction, and particularly when scholars aim to examine intra-individual variability.

Context variations and pluti-methodological issues concerning the expression of a social representation: the example of the gypsy community

Within the social representations’ field of research, the «mute zone» hypothesis considers that some objects are characterized by counter normative content that people usually do not express in standard conditions of production. Within the framework of this approach, this study aims to explore the variations in the expression about the Gypsy community following the manipulation of different contexts and the issues associated with a pluri-methodological approach of data analysis. Indeed, two methodologies have been combined. The participants were asked to express themselves in public or in private. In addition, the identity of the experimenter was also manipulated as she presented herself as a Gypsy or not. Then, through a set of analyses based on a methodological triangulation approach, we were able to observe a recurrent modulation of the participants’ answers. These analyses highlighted a greater incidence of the expression of counternormative elements when the context of expression was private and especially when the experimenter did not present herself as a Gypsy (p < .01, ηp² = .06). These results will be discussed in terms of the contribution of the methodologies employed and their comparison within the framework of the study of counternormative content (AU)

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Context variations and pluri-methodological issues concerning the expression of a social representation: the example of the Gypsy community.

Within the social representations' field of research, the "mute zone" hypothesis considers that some objects are characterized by counternormative content that people usually do not express in standard conditions of production. Within the framework of this approach, this study aims to explore the variations in the expression about the Gypsy community following the manipulation of different contexts and the issues associated with a pluri-methodological approach of data analysis. Indeed, two methodologies have been combined. The participants were asked to express themselves in public or in private. In addition, the identity of the experimenter was also manipulated as she presented herself as a Gypsy or not. Then, through a set of analyses based on a methodological triangulation approach, we were able to observe a recurrent modulation of the participants' answers. These analyses highlighted a greater incidence of the expression of counternormative elements when the context of expression was private and especially when the experimenter did not present herself as a Gypsy (p < .01, η p ² = .06). These results will be discussed in terms of the contribution of the methodologies employed and their comparison within the framework of the study of counternormative content.