Peach palm shells (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) bioconversion by Lentinula edodes: Potential as new bioproducts for beef cattle feeding.

This paper aims to develop and assess the in vitro effects on ruminal fermentation and greenhouse gas parameters of new bioproducts for beef cattle diets, carried out by solid-state fermentation of peach palm shells colonized by Lentinula edodes (SSF) and after Shiitake mushroom cultivation in axenic blocks (SMS). In vitro experiments were performed to assess the in vitro gas production, digestibility, and fiber degradation of formulated total diets. Bioproducts presented high ß-glucans (9.44---11.27 %) and protein (10.04---8.35 %) contents, as well as similar digestibility to conventional diets. SMS diet had the lowest methane and carbon dioxide (19.1 and 84.1 mM/g OM) production, and the SSF diet presented lower carbon dioxide production (98.9 mM/g OM) than other diets, whereas methane was similar. This study highlighted a sustainable use of byproducts for beef cattle diets, promising for digestibility, nutritional value, ß-glucans incorporation, and environmental impact mitigation, favoring the circular bioeconomy.

Application of different concentrations of the natural dye potassium norbixinate (annatto) in polyamide 6.6 fabrics.

Polyamide fabrics were dyed with concentrations ranging from 4% to 0.25% (o.w.f.) of the natural dye, potassium norbixinate (annatto). The exhaustion, chromatic coordinates, colouristic intensity (K/S), and fastness to washing and rubbing were evaluated. The natural dye was characterised, and its maximum absorption peaks were identified at 452 nm and 482 nm through UV-vis scanning. Its main chemical groups were identified by FTIR-ATR. All dyeings exhibited high exhaustion percentage, with a maximum of 98.4% for 1% dye concentration. The dyed samples displayed visually appealing orange hues, with a maximum K/S value of 6.9. Most of the fastness test results were rated between 5 and 4/5, remaining within the standards established by most textile industries. Potassium norbixinate exhibited a similar tinctorial behaviour to synthetic acid dyes for polyamide, suggesting ionic chemical reaction interaction between dye and polyamide, highlighting the potential use in the textile industry.

Mushroom ß-glucans: application and innovation for food industry and immunotherapy.

Among the most important sources of ß-glucans are edible and medicinal mushrooms. These molecules are components of the cellular wall of basidiomycete fungi (mushrooms) and can be extracted even from the basidiocarp as the mycelium and its cultivation extracts or biomasses. Mushroom ß-glucans are recognized by their potential effects as immunostimulants and immunosuppressants. They are highlighted as anticholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, adjuvant in diabetes mellitus, mycotherapy for cancer treatment, as well as adjuvants for COVID-19 vaccines. Due to their relevance, several techniques of ß-glucans extraction, purification, and analysis have already been described. Despite the previous knowledge of ß-glucans' benefits for human nutrition and health, the main information about this topic refers to the molecular identification, properties, and benefits, as well as their synthesis and action on cells. Studies on biotechnology industry applications (product development) and the registered products of ß-glucans from mushrooms are still limited and more common for feed and healthcare. In this context, this paper reviews the biotechnological production of food products containing ß-glucans from basidiomycete fungi, focusing on food enrichment, and presents a new perspective on fungi ß-glucans' use as potential immunotherapy agents. KEY POINTS: • Mushrooms' ß-glucans for product development in the biotechnology industry • Biotechnological production of food products containing mushrooms' ß-glucans • Basidiomycete fungi ß-glucans are used as potential immunotherapy agents.

Peach Palm By-Product Bioconversion by Shiitake Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom Lentinula edodes (Agaricomycetes) for Food Products Application in Brazil.

This study aims to analyze the peach palm by-product (shells) bioconversion by culinary-medicinal mushroom Lentinula edodes to obtain a food ingredient for dietary supplementation containing high contents of dietary fiber, protein, and ß-glucans. The ß-glucans production by L. edodes mycelium was optimized through a solid-state fermentation, checking the influence of the heart of palm shells and supplements (rice bran, manioc flour, and sorghum flour) through an experimental mixing plan. The cultivation treatment that presented the highest tendency for ß-glucans production was analyzed by the centesimal composition and in vivo biological activity. Treatments 4 (with shells, rice bran, and manioc flour) and 6 (with shells, sorghum flour, and manioc flour) presented the highest ß-glucans content. A flour was obtained with high dietary fiber and protein content, and low lipids and carbohydrates content, and low caloric value. The in vivo biological activity demonstrated high protein quality and promoted a lower elevation of the glycemic curve. Thus, technology for the transformation of peach palm shells into a food ingredient was made feasible. It could generate a gluten-free and lactose-free dietary supplement that is both nutritive and bioactive, enhancing human health and well-being as well as environmental sustainability.

Antiprotozoal Activity of Mycelial Extracts of Several Medicinal Agaricomycetes Mushrooms against Giardia duodenalis.

Despite knowledge on the therapeutic properties of fungal bio-compounds, few studies have been reported on their anti-parasitic activities. The anti-parasitic activity (APA) of mycelial extracts from seven medicinal agaricomycetous mushrooms (Polyporus lipsiensis, Ganoderma applanatum, Pleurotus ostreatus, P. flabellatus, Oudemansiella canarii, Lentinula edodes, and Pycnoporus sanguineus) against Giardia duodenalis, and identification of chemical compounds produced by mycelium P. lipsiensis mycelium, have been reported. The extracts of mycelia and fermented culture broths of tested mushroom species were evaluated against G. duodenalis by biological assays. P. lipsiensis showed the highest APA. The chemical analysis of mycelial extract of P. lipsiensis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified 73 molecules, including steroids, terpenes, and lipids. According to literature data, among these molecules, 11 possess APA. The present study revealed the diversity of compounds with anti-protozoal potential produced by mycelia of Agaricomycetes mushrooms, particularly P. lipsiensis against G. duodenalis.

In Vivo Evaluation and Nutritional Quality of By-Products Subjected to Solid-State Fermentation Using Shiitake Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Lentinula edodes (Agaricomycetes).

This study evaluates the nutritional quality and in vivo biological activity of a peach palm by-product food ingredient processed via solid-state fermentation by shiitake culinary-medicinal mushroom, Lentinula edodes. The group of Wistar rats that consumed this diet had higher total dietary fiber content, digestibility, rate of protein quality, and protein efficiency. They also presented a late and softer insulinemic peak with an increase in the glycemic index, demonstrating amino acid limitation but with a feasible matrix as a complement protein. Discrete variation on total cholesterol and triglycerides was observed with a reduction in lipid profile, attributed to its high dietary fiber content. Lipids from within the liver and stool revealed that the fermented diet contained the lowest rates of fat in the liver and, consequently, the highest elimination compared to the other control diets. The serum lipid profile suggests a positive modulation of this diet, and that it has good nutritional quality with the potential to positively influence glycemic and lipid profiles.

Identification and antigiardial activity of biocompounds produced in the Ganoderma lipsiense mycelium in submerged fermentation.

Natural antiparasitic agents are used as a strategy for advances in the treatment of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), such as giardiasis. The present paper identified the compounds produced by Ganoderma lipsiense mycelium grown in submerged fermentation and investigated the antigiardial activity potential of extracts in vitro. G. lipsiense mycelium crude extract (CE) was obtained by the maceration process and after purification in column, thirty compounds were identified by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in hexane sub-fraction (HSF). To determine the antigiardial potential, different parts of the purified CE have been evaluated, where hexane (HEXf) and dichloromethane (DCMf) fractions showed in vitro reduction levels higher than 90% of the Giardia duodenalis trophozoites at 100 µg mL-1. This antigiardial activity was investigated aiming to explore the possibility of G. lipsiense mycelium extract as a novel antigiardial compound to the treatment of human giardiasis.

Prokaryotic and microeukaryotic communities in an experimental rice plantation under long-term use of pesticides.

Conventional agricultural practices, such as rice plantations, often contaminate the soil and water with xenobiotics. Here we evaluated the microbiota composition in experimental rice planting with a record of prolonged pesticide use, using 16S and 18S rRNA amplicon sequencing. We investigated four components of a complete agricultural system: affluent water (A), rice rhizosphere soil (R), sediment from a storage pond (S), and effluent (E) water (drained from the storage pond). Despite the short spatial distance between our sites, the beta diversity analysis of bacterial communities showed two well-defined clusters, separating the water and sediment/rhizosphere samples; rhizosphere and sediment were richer while the effluent was less diverse. Overall, the site with the highest evenness was the rhizosphere. Unlike the bacterial communities, Shannon diversity of microeukaryotes was significantly different between A and E. The effluent presented the lowest values for all ecological indexes tested and differed significantly from all sampled sites, except on evenness. When mapped the metabolic pathways, genes corresponding to the degradation of aromatic compounds, including genes related to pesticide degradation, were identified. The most abundant genes were related to the degradation of benzoate. Our results indicate that the effluent is a selective environment for fungi. Interestingly, the overall fungal diversity was higher in the affluent, the water that reached the system before pesticide application, and where the prokaryotic diversity was the lowest. The affluent and effluent seem to have the lowest environmental quality, given the presence of bacteria genera previously recorded in environments with high concentrations of pesticide residues. The microbiota, environmental characteristics, and pesticide residues should be further studied and try to elucidate the potential for pesticide degradation by natural consortia. Thus, extensive comparative studies are needed to clarify the microbial composition, diversity, and functioning of rice cultivation environments, and how pesticide use changes may reflect differences in microbial structure.

Kinetics Analysis of the Inhibitory Effects of Alpha-Glucosidase and Identification of Compounds from Ganoderma lipsiense Mycelium.

The studies on natural compounds to diabetes mellitus treatment have been increasing in recent years. Research suggests that natural components can inhibit alpha-glucosidase activities, an important strategy in the management of blood glucose levels. In this work, for the first time in the literature, the compounds produced by Ganoderma lipsiense extracts were identified and evaluated on the inhibitory effect of these on alpha-glucosidase activity. Four phenolic compounds were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) to crude extract from G. lipsiense grown in red rice medium (RCE) and synthetic medium (SCE), being syringic acid identified in both extracts. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed fatty acids and their derivatives, terpene, steroid, niacin, and nitrogen compounds to SCE, while RCE was rich in fatty acids and their derivatives. Both extracts demonstrated alpha-glucosidase inhibition (RCE IC50 = 0.269 ± 8.25 mg mL-1; SCE IC50 = 0.218 ± 9.67 mg mL-1), and the purified hexane fraction of RCE (RHEX) demonstrated the highest inhibition of enzyme (81.1%). Studies on kinetic inhibition showed competitive inhibition mode to RCE, while SCE showed uncompetitive inhibition mode. Although the inhibitory effects of RCE and SCE were satisfactory, the present findings identified some unpublished compounds to G. lipsiense in the literature with important therapeutic properties.

Liposoluble compounds from Ganoderma lipsiense grown on solid red rice medium with antiparasitic and antibacterial properties.

Liposoluble molecules are a group of compounds that display potent biological and therapeutic properties. The present study aimed to identify liposoluble molecules produced by Ganoderma lipsiense grown in red rice medium using solid-state fermentation (SSF) techniques, and to investigate the antigiardial and antibacterial activities potential of extracts in vitro. Eighteen fatty acids and derivatives were identified by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis in G. lipsense extract. Qualitative (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance) characterizations identified the steroid ergosta-6,22-diene-3ß,5α,8α-triol in purified hexane subfraction (HEXsf) F19 isolated from hexane fraction (HEXf) of crude extract (CE). Ergosta-6,22-diene-3ß,5α,8α-triol exhibited significant inhibitory activity against Giardia duodenalis throphozoites (93.6%) in in vitro assays. CE and HEXf inhibited 95.38% and 92.74% of the G. duodenalis throphozoites in 100 µg mL-1 , whereas CE and their fractions dichloromethane (DCMf) and ethyl acetate (EAf) showed antibacterial activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus at 500 µg mL-1 . Importantly, some liposoluble compounds produced and identified in G. lipsiense are unpublished for this species. This is first report for the production of ergosta-6,22-diene-3ß,5α,8α-triol by G. lipsiense and its antiparasitic activity.

Biological agents for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide degradation.

Phenoxy herbicides are the most widely used family of herbicides worldwide. The dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is extensively used as a weed killer on cereal crops and pastures. This herbicide is highly water-soluble, and even after a long period of disuse, considerable amounts of both 2,4-D and its main product of degradation, 2,4 dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), might be found in nature. Biological decomposition of pesticides is an expressive and effective way for the removal of these compounds from the environment. The role of bacteria as well as the enzymes and genes that regulate the 2,4-D degradation has been widely studied, but the 2,4-D degradation by fungi, especially regarding the ability of white-rot basidiomycetes as agent for its bioconversion, has been not extensively considered. This review discusses the current knowledge about the biochemical mechanisms of 2,4-D biodegradation, focused on the role of white-rot fungi in this process. Finally, the cultivation conditions and medium composition for the growth of 2,4-D-degrading microorganisms are also addressed.

Kinetic identification of phenolic compounds and potential production of caffeic acid by Ganoderma lipsiense in solid-state fermentation.

Basidiomycetes fungi have been utilized for the production of several compounds with bioactive properties, such as phenolic compounds. The present work quantified and identified the phenolic compounds produced in a kinetic study (63 days) and evaluated the antimicrobial activity from the extract obtained by Ganoderma lipsiense cultivation in solid-state fermentation using red rice. Phenolic compounds were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) and caffeic acid content was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD). Caffeic and syringic acids were produced by G. lipsiense. In the control medium (red rice), the following compounds were identified: p-coumaric acid, salicylic acid, ferulic acid and vanillin. High concentrations of caffeic acid (0.977 µg g-1) were measured in 49 days. Antimicrobial activity was investigated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus using a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) technique. Ganoderma lipsiense extract was only effective against P. aeruginosa. These data have proved to be satisfactory in the study of biosynthesis of caffeic acid and antibacterial compounds by G. lipsiense in solid-state fermentation with red rice.

Medicinal fungi: a source of antiparasitic secondary metabolites.

Regions with a tropical climate are frequently affected by endemic diseases caused by pathogenic parasites. More than one billion people worldwide are exposed directly to tropical parasites. The literature cites several antiparasitic metabolites obtained from medicinal plants or via synthetic pathways. However, fungi produce a diversity of metabolites that play important biological roles in human well-being. Thus, they are considered a potential source of novel natural agents for exploitation in the pharmaceutical industry. In this brief review article, we will provide an overview of the current situation regarding antiparasitic molecules derived from filamentous fungi, in particular, those which are effective against protozoan parasites, such as Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, and Leishmania, vectors of some neglected tropical diseases. Diseases and parasitic agents are described and classified, and the antiparasitic properties of natural compounds produced by the fungi of the phyla Basidiomycota and Ascomycota are reviewed herein, in order to explore a topic only sparsely addressed in the scientific literature.

Biosurfactant production by Trametes versicolor grown on two-phase olive mill waste in solid-state fermentation.

Biosurfactants are amphiphilic compounds of microbial origin which exhibit better properties than their chemically derived counterparts. They are usually produced in submerged fermentation by different types of bacteria. However, biosurfactant production by fungi, particularly of the white-rot type, has been scarcely studied. In this work, and for the first time, we report the production of biosurfactants by the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor, which was grown on two-phase olive mill waste (TPOMW) in a solid-state fermentation system. The effect of the composition of the culture medium on biosurfactant production was also studied. The highest biosurfactant production (373.6 ± 19.4 mg in 100 g of culture medium) was achieved with a medium containing 35% (w/w) of TPOMW, the highest concentration used, 10% of wheat bran and 55% of olive stones. Interestingly, no inhibition of biosurfactant production by TPOMW was detected within the concentration range used (5-35% w/w). The biosurfactant produced by T. versicolor was able to reduce the surface tension of an aqueous extract of the culture medium up to 34.5 ± 0.3 mN m-1. A preliminary study of the chemical structure of the biosurfactant indicated that it contains both lipid and protein fractions. The simultaneous production of lignin-degrading enzymes was also assessed.

Fungi as a source of natural coumarins production.

Natural coumarins and derivatives are compounds that occur naturally in several organisms (plant, bacteria, and fungi) consisting of fused benzene and α-pyrone rings. These compounds show high technological potential applications in agrochemical, food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics industries. Therefore, the need for bulk production of coumarins and the advancement of the chemical and pharmaceutical industries led to the development of synthetic coumarin. However, biotransformation process, synthetic bioengineering, metabolic engineering, and bioinformatics have proven effective in the production of natural products. Today, these biological systems are recognized as green chemistry innovation and business strategy. This review article aims to report the potential of fungi for synthesis of coumarin. These microorganisms are described as a source of natural products capable of synthesizing many bioactive metabolites. The features, classification, properties, and industrial applications of natural coumarins as well as new molecules obtained by basidiomycetes and ascomycetes fungi are reported in order to explore a topic not yet discussed in the scientific literature.

Antioxidant activity of the extracts from Pycnoporus sanguineus mycelium

The aim of this work was to study the production of compounds with antioxidant activity by Pycnoporus sanguineus when cultivated in submerged fermentation using a potato dextrose broth plus peptone medium. The study evaluated the biomass production, glucose consumption, variation of medium pH and antioxidant activity. The antioxidant potential was tested through the DPPH method and β-carotene / linoleic acid system with extracts obtained from the mycelium at different times of cultivation (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days). Maximum kinetic values of specific growth rate (0.289 day-1), biomass productivity (0.698 g.L-1.day-1) and the yield of glucose conversion into biomass (26.24 g.g-1) were obtained during the exponential growth phase. The highest antioxidant activity was registered during the stationary phase, with a similar potential as the synthetic antioxidant BHT, in the extracts obtained at 30 days of cultivation.

Submerged culture conditions for the production of mycelial biomass and antimicrobial metabolites by Polyporus tricholoma Mont. / Condições de cultivo em meio líquido para produção de biomassa e metabólitos antibacterianos por Polyporus tricholoma Mont.

Basidiomycete fungi of the Polyporus genus are a source of secondary metabolites which are of medicinal interest as antibacterial compounds. As these substances are produced in a small amount by the fungi, the study of the cultivation conditions in vitro that could possibly optimize their production seems of major importance. The effects of glucose and lactose, pH and agitation on biomass concentration and on the specific growth rate caused by the basidiomycete Polyporus tricholoma were investigated. The initial pH (4.5, 6.5 and 8.5) was autoregulated at pH 5.5, and the agitation increased the mycelial growth and the specific growth rate. The high concentration of carbon sources (4 percent) increased biomass production. The lactose concentration and the absence of agitation were determinant in the production of antibacterial metabolites. The characterization of the antibacterial substance by GC-MS indicated a major compound, isodrimenediol, produced by the fungus Polyporus tricholoma with activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

Os fungos basidiomicetos do gênero Polyporus são fonte de metabólitos secundários de interesse medicinal como os compostos antibacterianos. Como estas substâncias são produzidas em pequenas quantidades pelos fungos, o estudo de condições de cultivo in vitro que otimizem sua produção, é de fundamental importância. Os efeitos da glicose e lactose, pH e agitação na concentração da biomassa e na velocidade específica de crescimento realizada pelo basidiomiceto Polyporus tricholoma foram investigados. O pH inicial (4.5, 6.5 e 8.5) foi autoregulado para pH 5.5, e a agitação aumentou o crescimento micelial e a velocidade específica de crescimento. A maior concentração das fontes de carbono (4 por cento) incrementou a produção de biomassa. A concentração de lactose e a ausência de agitação foram determinantes na produção dos metabólitos antibacterianos. A caracterização da substância antibacteriana por CG-EM mostrou como componente majoritário o isodrimenediol, produzido pelo fungo Polyporus tricholoma, com atividade contra Staphylococcus aureus.

Submerged culture conditions for the production of mycelial biomass and antimicrobial metabolites by Polyporus tricholoma Mont.

Basidiomycete fungi of the Polyporus genus are a source of secondary metabolites which are of medicinal interest as antibacterial compounds. As these substances are produced in a small amount by the fungi, the study of the cultivation conditions in vitro that could possibly optimize their production seems of major importance. The effects of glucose and lactose, pH and agitation on biomass concentration and on the specific growth rate caused by the basidiomycete Polyporus tricholoma were investigated. The initial pH (4.5, 6.5 and 8.5) was autoregulated at pH 5.5, and the agitation increased the mycelial growth and the specific growth rate. The high concentration of carbon sources (4%) increased biomass production. The lactose concentration and the absence of agitation were determinant in the production of antibacterial metabolites. The characterization of the antibacterial substance by GC-MS indicated a major compound, isodrimenediol, produced by the fungus Polyporus tricholoma with activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

Fermentaçäo alcoólica de material amiláceo por levedura amilolítica recombinante em reator com células imobilizadas / Alcoholical fermentation of manioc starch materials by recombinant yeast in reaction with immobilized cells

O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi o estudo do desempenho da levedura recombinante Saccharomyces cerevisiae L36, que expressa os genes da ALPHA-amilase de Bacillus subtilis, glicoamilase de Aspergillus awamori e maltase de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, imobilizada em gel de pectina, no processo de fermentaçäo alcoólica de amiláceos. Utilizou-se um biorreator de mistura convencional, adaptando-se no seu interior, uma cesta de tela de aço inoxidável, contendo as esferas de pectina (reator tipo cesta). Realizaram-se ensaios em bateladas simples e repetidas, bem como cultivos contínuos, empregando-se concentraçöes iniciais de açúcares redutores totais entre 40 e 150g/L, com temperatura controlada em 30ºC e pH 4,5. Constatou-se que a linhagem 36 imobilizada em gel de pectina, consumiu, praticamente, todo substrato contido no meio de fermentaçäo, nos ensaios em bateladas simples e repetidas, independente das concentraçöes de açúcares utilizadas, obtendo-se conversöes da ordem de 90 por cento...

Uso do método do ácido dinitrissalicílico (DNS) na determinaçäo de carboidratos nos alimentos dietéticos / Use of method of dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) in determination of carbohydrate in dietetic food

Amostras de refrigerantes, gelatina, refresco em pó e bebida suplementar dietética foram utilizadas para avaliaçäo do método DNS na determinaçäo de açúcares totais. Os resultados obtidos apresentaram ausência de açúcares totais em 100 por cento das amostras de refrigerante. Nas gelatinas, somente uma das marcas apresentou equivalência na concentraçäo de açúcares totais, em relaçäo à rotulagem. Os outros produtos que näo declararam a presença de carboidratos no rótulo apresentaram, em média, 42,2 por cento e 23 por cento de carboidratos totais para refresco em pó e bebida suplementar, respectivamente