ABSTRACT
Diet impacts the composition of the ruminal microbiota; however, prior to slaughter, cattle are fasted, which may change the ruminal microbial ecosystem structure and lead to dysbiosis. The objective of this study was to determine changes occurring in the rumen after pre-slaughter fasting, which can allow harmful pathogens an opportunity to establish in the rumen. Ruminal samples were collected before and after pre-slaughter fasting from seventeen commercial Angus steers. DNA extraction and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed to determine the ruminal microbiota, as well as volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations. Microbial richness (Chao 1 index), evenness, and Shannon diversity index all increased after fasting (p ≤ 0.040). During fasting, the two predominant families Prevotellaceae and Ruminococcaceae decreased (p ≤ 0.029), whereas the remaining minor families increased (p < 0.001). Fasting increased Blautia and Methanosphaera (p ≤ 0.003), while Campylobacter and Treponema tended to increase (p ≤ 0.086). Butyrate concentration tended to decrease (p = 0.068) after fasting. The present findings support that fasting causes ruminal nutrient depletion resulting in dysbiosis, allowing opportunistic pathogens to exploit the void in the ruminal ecological niche.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Bone-anchored maxillary protraction (BAMP) is an emerging treatment option for orthopedic correction of maxillary deficiency in young patients. Compared to reverse pull headgear (RPHG), it is believed that forces generated during BAMP result in greater circum-maxillary sutural separation, mandibular retrusion, and improved maxillary protraction. Mechanical loading of the circum-maxillary sutures during BAMP is still poorly understood. METHODS: 20 ex-vivo pig heads were used. Miniplates and molar tubes were installed like clinical procedures. A series of five 200 âg-force (gf) elastics were applied on the right and left side until 1000gf were reached. Strain gauges were installed across the zygomatico-maxillary (ZMS), zygomatico-temporal (ZTS), and nasofrontal suture (NFS). Differential variable reluctance transducers (DVRTs) were installed across the ZTS. Deformation of the sutures during BAMP and RPHG was measured and compared. RESULTS: Higher average sutural deformation of the ZTS and ZMS was seen in BAMP than RPHG: 36.6 â± â20.6µÎµ vs 18.0 â± â12.4µÎµ and 54.7 â± â28.5µÎµ vs 12.5 â± â14.8µÎµ, respectively. Similarly, higher NFS deformation was seen in BAMP (18.4 â± â12.9µÎµ vs. -0.8 â± â12.0µÎµ). DVRT data showed higher ZTS separation in BAMP than RPHG (6.3 â± â5.2 âµm vs. 1.7 â± â2.1 âµm). These differences were all statistically significant using the Wilcoxon-signed rank test. CONCLUSION: Both RPHG and BAMP forces separate the ZTS and ZMS. BAMP resulted in higher levels of sutural separation at the ZTS and ZMS by 2- and 5-fold, respectively.
ABSTRACT
Researchers have argued that the regulation of female sexuality is a major catalyst for women's intrasexual aggression. The present research examined whether women behave more aggressively toward a sexualized woman and whether this is explained by lower ratings of the target's humanness. Results showed that women rated another woman lower on uniquely human personality traits when she was dressed in a sexualized (vs. conventional) manner. Lower humanness ratings subsequently predicted increased aggression toward her in a behavioral measure of aggression. This effect was moderated by trait intrasexual competitiveness; lower humanness ratings translated into more aggression, but only for women scoring relatively high on intrasexual competition. Follow-up studies revealed that the effect of sexualized appearance on perceived humanness was not due to the atypicality of the clothing in a university setting. The current project reveals a novel psychological mechanism through which interacting with a sexualized woman promotes aggressive behavior toward her.
Subject(s)
Aggression/psychology , Competitive Behavior/physiology , Perception/physiology , Sexual Behavior/psychology , Adolescent , Dehumanization , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Personality Inventory , Young AdultABSTRACT
This study assesses the quantitative effects of incorporating high-volume fly ash (HVFA) into tricalcium silicate (C3S) paste on the hydration, degree of silicate polymerization, and Al substitution for Si in calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H). Thermogravimetric analysis and isothermal conduction calorimetry showed that, although the induction period of C3S hydration was significantly extended, the degree of hydration of C3S after the deceleration period increased due to HVFA incorporation. Synchrotron-sourced soft X-ray spectromicroscopy further showed that most of the C3S in the C3S-HVFA paste was fully hydrated after 28 days of hydration, while that in the pure C3S paste was not. The chemical shifts of the Si K edge peaks in the near-edge X-ray fine structure of C-S-H in the C3S-HVFA paste directly indicate that Al substitutes for Si in C-S-H and that the additional silicate provided by the HVFA induces an enhanced degree of silicate polymerization. This new spectromicroscopic approach, supplemented with 27Al and 29Si magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, turned out to be a powerful characterization tool for studying a local atomic binding structure of C-S-H in C3S-HVFA system and presented results consistent with previous literature.
ABSTRACT
This study explores the effect of pregnancy on women's risk of IPV victimization. Previous studies have produced conflicting findings and have been limited by comparing only two categories of IPV. The current study included analyses of the effect of pregnancy on three statuses of IPV: no abuse, nonlethal abuse, and lethal abuse. The data used for this project are taken from the first phase of the Chicago Women's Health Risk Study (CWHRS). Findings suggest that both nonlethal and lethal abuse statuses differ significantly from no abuse in that women's risk of IPV victimization may decrease during pregnancy.
