Measuring quality of life of adults with intellectual disabilities: Psychometric evaluation of the personal outcomes scale in the United Kingdom.

BACKGROUND: The Personal Outcomes Scale (POS) is a scale developed to measure quality of life of adults (18+) with intellectual disability. Previous studies have reported good fit for Spanish and Portuguese language versions of POS. AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate the factor structure of the English language version of POS when used to measure the quality of life of adults (18+) with intellectual disability in the UK. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analysis was conducted on POS data from 310 adults with an intellectual disability. First and second order factor models and multi-level models were used to assess fit. RESULTS: There was poor fit to the data for all tested models. We estimated that 23% of variance in POS scores was accounted for by interviewer cluster. DISCUSSION: This was the first UK-based evaluation of POS and our data did not confirm the factor structure of the POS measure. The identification of systematic variability within the dataset indicates that inter-rater reliability is a potential limitation of the POS tool. CONCLUSION: Further research is needed to investigate inter-rater reliability of POS interviewers and to explore factor structure.

The READ-IT study protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial of using a support worker/family carer mediated online reading programme to teach early reading skills to adults with intellectual disabilities.

BACKGROUND: Many individuals with intellectual disability (ID) have not learnt basic reading skills by the time that they reach adulthood, potentially limiting their access to critical information. READ-IT is an online reading programme developed from the Headsprout® Early Reading (HER®) intervention and supplemented by support strategies tailored for adults with ID. HER® has been successfully used to teach adults with ID to read in a forensic setting by trained staff. The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of delivering READ-IT to adults with ID by family carers/support workers and will assess whether it would be feasible to conduct a later definitive randomised controlled trial (RCT) of the effectiveness of the programme. The study will aim to contribute to the evidence base on improving outcomes for adults with ID and their caregivers. METHODS: This study is a feasibility RCT, with embedded process evaluation. Forty-eight adults with ID will be recruited and allocated to intervention: control on a 1:1 basis. Intervention families will be offered the READ-IT programme immediately, continuing to receive usual practice and control participants will be offered the opportunity to receive READ-IT at the end of the trial follow-up period and will continue to receive usual practice. Data will be collected at baseline and 6 months post-randomisation. DISCUSSION: The results of this study will inform a potential future definitive trial, to evaluate the effectiveness of READ-IT to improve reading skills. Such a trial would have significant scientific impact internationally in the intellectual disability field. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN11409097.

Cook's Hernia: Renal Tumor Parasitic Vessels Herniating into Right Inguinal Canal.

We report the incidental findings and management of a hernia whose contents included renal tumor parasitic vessels in a 52-year-old male who presented with a 22 cm large right renal tumor. His initial complaints were right sided fullness and hematuria. Incidentally on CT scan, the patient's large right renal mass was identified, as well as lower pole parasitic tumor vessels which were herniating into the patient's right inguinal canal. Parasitic tumor vessels are often found on larger obscure tumors. Few side effects or associated problems have been reported from issues with the parasitic vessels other than excessive bleeding. Never before, to our knowledge, has an inguinal hernia with renal mass parasitic vessels herniating into it been documented. We named the hernia after the general surgeon, Dr. Craig Cook, MD, FACS, who assisted during the open radical nephrectomy and who reduced and repaired the right inguinal hernia. We present a case presentation and treatment rationale for this tumor and associated parasitic vessels herniation, along with a brief re view of existing literature.

Robotic management of large stone disease: a case series.

The gold standard for urologic management of large stone disease traditionally has been percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). An alternative to PCNL is robotic pyelolithotomy (RP), which continues to gain traction. This study is a retrospective review of ten cases performed over a 2 year period presenting operative outcomes for large stone disease treated with RP. The mean and standard deviation were calculated for age, body mass index, stone volume, stone diameter, pre-operative creatinine, operative time, robot-docked time, length of stay, post-operative creatinine, and estimated blood loss. In addition, results were collected for post-operative complications and secondary procedure requirements. Complete stone clearance was successful in 9 of 10 cases. The average renal function remained stable from a pre-operative creatinine of 0.917 mg/dL to a post-operative creatinine level of 0.943 mg/dL. This case series demonstrates that robotic assisted surgery has practical application when managing large stone disease.

The Maize PI/GLO Ortholog Zmm16/sterile tassel silky ear1 Interacts with the Zygomorphy and Sex Determination Pathways in Flower Development.

In monocots and eudicots, B class function specifies second and third whorl floral organ identity as described in the classic ABCE model. Grass B class APETALA3/DEFICIENS orthologs have been functionally characterized; here, we describe the positional cloning and characterization of a maize (Zea mays) PISTILLATA/GLOBOSA ortholog Zea mays mads16 (Zmm16)/sterile tassel silky ear1 (sts1). We show that, similar to many eudicots, all the maize B class proteins bind DNA as obligate heterodimers and positively regulate their own expression. However, sts1 mutants have novel phenotypes that provide insight into two derived aspects of maize flower development: carpel abortion and floral asymmetry. Specifically, we show that carpel abortion acts downstream of organ identity and requires the growth-promoting factor grassy tillers1 and that the maize B class genes are expressed asymmetrically, likely in response to zygomorphy of grass floral primordia. Further investigation reveals that floral phyllotactic patterning is also zygomorphic, suggesting significant mechanistic differences with the well-characterized models of floral polarity. These unexpected results show that despite extensive study of B class gene functions in diverse flowering plants, novel insights can be gained from careful investigation of homeotic mutants outside the core eudicot model species.