Kinetic study of transesterification using particle swarm optimization method.

In the present work, an optimization method called Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) was applied to study the kinetics of alkali-catalyzed rapeseed oil transesterification, using methanol, in a batch process. The validation of the PSO program was realized using numerical and experimental data from literature. The PSO method resulted in a 4 times lower error compared to classic methods used in the domain, which showed its efficiency and strength. After validation, an experimental study was led on the transesterification of rapeseed oil and methanol in a batch process using KOH as catalyst (1wt/wt %) with a methanol:oil molar ratio of 6:1 at 45 °C, 55 °C and 65 °C respectively. Then, PSO was used in order to determine the reaction rate constants ( k j m ) of the reversible 3-steps of transesterification mechanism as well as the kinetic parameters (activation energy Ea and pre-exponential factor A). Then, the kinetic model was used in order to investigate the effects of methanol: oil molar ratio variation (3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 8:1, 12:1) on rate constants, yield and conversion rate at 65 °C. The results of the simulation showed a perfect agreement with experimental results.

Hydrothermal liquefaction of Nannochloropsis oceanica in different solvents.

Although the hydrothermal liquefaction is considered a promising technology for converting microalgae into liquid biofuels, there are still some disadvantages. This paper demonstrated that the bio-oil yield can be significantly improved by adding alcohols as co-solvents and carrying out the conversion at mild conditions (<250°C), but at the expense of a reduced bio-oil quality. By adding ethanol, the bio-oil yields obtained (up to ∼60%) were comparable to the yield obtained at severe operating conditions using only water as solvent (54±2% on average), but the quality of the bio-oil was lower. However, the main advantages of the process here described lie in the utilisation of wet microalgae (∼75% moisture) and alcohol concentrations which avoid both drying the microalgae and decreasing the amount of microalgae loaded in the reactor.

[Post-transfusion pulmonary oedema: the French hemovigilance network classification method]. / Œdèmes pulmonaires transfusionnels: classification des cas notifiés en hémovigilance.

Pulmonary oedema after transfusion of blood products may be hydrostatic (transfusion-associated circulatory overload [taco]) or exsudative (transfusion-related acute lung injury [trali]). Both conditions have been recognized as major hazards to transfusion recipients. Risk characterization is necessary to improve safety and to monitor trends in the national blood transfusion system. A collaborative multidisciplinary working group of the French National Hemovigilance Committee has proposed an analysis framework for case definitions and classification. The method relies on internationally used definitions and is adapted to the codification procedures used in the french transfusion incident reports electronic data management.

Comparison of aerobic standard medium with specific fungal medium for detecting fusarium spp in blood cultures.

In order to compare the performances of a specific fungal medium and a standard aerobic medium for detecting growth of Fusarium spp. in blood, simulated blood cultures were performed. For lower inocula (10(2) and 10(3) cfu/ml taken together), fungal growth was detected significantly earlier using the fungal medium. The mean difference in the time to detection between the two media was 22.33 h at 10(2) cfu/ml, with the maximum difference being achieved for Fusarium verticilloides at 37.05 h. These in vitro test results suggest fungal medium could be useful for obtaining more rapid blood culture results when evaluating patients at risk for invasive infection with Fusarium spp.