Nurses' experiences of hospital-acquired pressure injury prevention in acute healthcare services in Victoria, Australia: A qualitative study using the Theoretical Domains Framework.

We investigated nurses' experiences of hospital-acquired pressure injury (PI) prevention in acute care services to better understand how PI prevention may be optimised. We used the Theoretical Domains Framework to systematically identify barriers and enablers to evidence-based preventive practices as required by the International Guideline. This study was one element of a complex capacity building project on PI surveillance and prevention within the acute health service partners of Monash Partners Academic Health Science Centre, an accredited academic health partnership located in Melbourne, Australia. We adopted a qualitative descriptive design. We interviewed 32 nurses that provided care in intensive care units, general wards and COVID wards of four acute care services. Nurses were recruited from four large acute care services (three public, one private) located in Melbourne. Most of them worked with patients who were at high risk of hospital-acquired PI on a daily basis. Interview transcripts were coded and analysed using thematic analysis guided by the Theoretical Domains Framework. The domains referred to most frequently by all participants included: Knowledge, Skills, Social/Professional Role and Identity, Beliefs about Capabilities, and Environmental Context and Resources. The key barriers discussed by nurses included gaps in nurses' knowledge and skills related to identification and staging of PI, heavy nursing workload and inadequate staffing levels, stigma and self-blame related to PI identification, and exacerbating impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Main facilitators discussed were training programmes, nursing audits and feedback, and teamwork. Participants suggested improvements including accessible and tailored training, visual reminders, and addressing heavy workloads and emotional barriers nurses face. Investing in tailored training initiatives to improve nurses' knowledge and organisational changes to address low level staffing and heavy workloads are urgently needed to support nurses in delivering optimal care and preventing hospital-acquired PI.

Hospital-acquired pressure injury prevention in people with a BMI of 30.0 or higher: A scoping review.

AIM(S): To: (1) explore current best practices for hospital-acquired pressure injury prevention in high BMI patients; (2) summarize nurses' experiences in preventing and managing them; (3) explore the association between a high BMI and occurrence and severity of pressure injury. DESIGN: Exploratory. METHODS: Scoping review. DATA SOURCES: Ovid MEDLINE, EBSCO CINAHL Plus, JBI Evidence Synthesis, Scopus, Embase, clinical registries and grey literature (search dates: January 2009 to May 2021). RESULTS: Overall, 1479 studies were screened. The included studies were published between 2010 and 2022. Five interventional studies and 32 best practice recommendations (Objective 1) reported low-quality evidence. Findings of thematic analysis reported in nine studies (Objective 2) identified nurses' issues as insufficient bariatric equipment, inadequate staffing, weight bias, fatigue, obese-related terminology issues, ethical dilemmas and insufficient staff education in high BMI patients' pressure injury prevention. No association between hospital-acquired pressure injury occurrence and high BMI were reported by 18 out of 28 included studies (Objective 3). CONCLUSION: Quality of evidence was low for the interventional studies and best practice recommendations. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION AND/OR PATIENT CARE: Current (2019) International Pressure Injury Guideline to be used despite the low quality of evidence of most best practice recommendations. IMPACT STATEMENT: This study addressed hospital-acquired pressure injury prevention in high BMI patients. Greater proportion of studies in this review found no association between high BMI and occurrence of hospital-acquired pressure injury. Nurses need educational interventions on pressure injury prevention in high body mass index people, sufficient staffing for repositioning and improved availability of bariatric equipment. REPORTING METHOD: We adhered to relevant EQUATOR guidelines, PRISMA extension for scoping reviews. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution. WHAT DOES THIS PAPER CONTRIBUTE TO THE WIDER GLOBAL CLINICAL COMMUNITY?: Larger clinical trials are needed on repositioning frequency, support surfaces, prophylactic dressings and risk assessment tools to inform clinical practice guidelines on pressure injury prevention in high BMI people. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: Wound Practice and Research (https://doi.org/10.33235/wpr.29.3.133-139).

Acute care nurses' experience in providing evidence-based care for patients with laparotomy wounds: A scoping review.

To systematically search and synthesise available literature on barriers and enablers to evidence-based care for patients with laparotomy wounds reported by acute care nurses. Specifically, we focused on wound assessment, infection control techniques, wound products used, escalation of care, dressing application, documentation and holistic care. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews Checklist and explanation documents directed the review. The methodology framework created by Arksey and O'Malley, updated by Levac et al., and the Joanna Briggs Institute were utilised to assist the scoping review process. Data synthesis was guided by the Theoretical Domains Framework. Six qualitative and mixed methods studies were selected for the review. Most reported barriers and enablers were mapped to knowledge, skills, beliefs about consequences, environmental context and resources and beliefs about capability domains. The main barriers were limited access to and utilisation of wound assessment tools and clinical practice guidelines for wound management and suboptimal time management skills. Inconsistent management of laparotomy wounds was related to ward culture and nurses' lack of knowledge and skills in surgical wound assessment and aseptic technique during wound encounters. The reported enablers were knowledge of multi-factorial risk factors for surgical wound recovery, valuing education and reflective practice and believing that protocols should be utilised alongside comprehensive wound assessments. Holistic wound care included patient education on the role of mobilisation and nutrition in wound healing. Acute care nurses do not routinely incorporate comprehensive, evidence-based care recommendations for laparotomy wound management. Further research on evidence-based care behaviours in managing laparotomy wounds is required. The results indicate a need for standardising the practice of laparotomy wound management while acknowledging the current challenges faced in the ward environment.

Practical infection control training for Victoria's aged care workforce at the time of COVID-19 pandemic: a community case study.

The need to improve career development and training for residential aged care workers in Australia to achieve required essential competencies, including infection prevention and control competencies, has been repeatedly highlighted. In Australia long-term care settings for older adults are known as residential aged care facilities (RACFs). The COVID-19 pandemic has brought to light the lack of preparedness of the aged care sector to respond to emergencies, and the urgent need to improve the infection prevention and control training in residential aged care facilities. The government in the Australian State of Victoria allocated funds to support older Australians in RACFs, including funds toward infection prevention and control training of RACF staff. The School of Nursing and Midwifery at Monash University addressed some of these challenges in delivering an education program on effective infection prevention and control practices to the RACF workforce in Victoria, Australia. This was the largest state-funded program delivered to RACF workers to date in the State of Victoria. The aim of this paper is to provide a community case study, where we share our experience of program planning and implementation during early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic and lessons learned.

Planning exercise interventions as an adjunct treatment in managing venous leg ulcers: A qualitative study of nurses' perspectives.

OBJECTIVE: To explore clinicians' perspectives regarding strategies to support exercise interventions for people with venous leg ulcers. DESIGN: 1:1 interview was guided by the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) to collect thoughts from clinicians with experiences in managing venous leg ulcers. SETTINGS: Clinical nurses in metropolitan/regional Victoria, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample of 21 nurses (mean clinical experience 14 years) was recruited. METHODS: We conducted semi-structured remote interviews. Transcripts were coded and analysed using a theory-driven thematic analysis, and interventions to support the implementation of exercise interventions were mapped across the BCW. RESULTS: Strategies related to capability, opportunity and motivation components from the BCW were identified. The strategies reported to be important included: i) education of patients and family members; ii) the provision of consistent and clear exercise advice; iii) setting realistic and meaningful goals in light of challenges encountered by patients; iv) flexibility in how exercise programmes were organised/structured, particularly to facilitate rapid adoption; and v) clinician education. CONCLUSIONS: In-depth qualitative interviews of nurses working with people with venous leg ulcers in Australia revealed multifactorial issues that potentially affect prescription of care regarding physical exercise. In order to improve and standardise future clinical practice, a clear focus of future research should address such issues.

How health literacy relates to venous leg ulcer healing: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: The level of personal health literacy of patients with venous leg ulcers is likely to affect their ability to self-manage their condition impacting on their adherence to treatment and influences healing and recovery outcomes. OBJECTIVES: To scope existing research that examined the level of health literacy in venous leg ulcer patients, to identify how this may link to self-management behaviours (particularly physical activity and compression adherence), and venous leg ulcer healing outcomes. METHODS: This scoping review was based on the PRISMA-ScR six-stage framework. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, PsycInfo and Health, Open Grey, and Google Scholar for publications examining general and specific health literacy in those with venous leg ulcers and for those examining any potential links of health literacy with self-management/healing generally, published between 2000-2020. This search was guided by a published protocol; studies that described other types of ulcers or did not examine health literacy were excluded. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria the initial search identified 660 articles. RESULTS: We included five articles. Four studies used randomised controlled trials or experimental designs to test the effect of specific health literacy interventions on venous leg ulcer knowledge, compression therapy use, or healing outcomes. One study was a cross- sectional survey with qualitative elements, assessing health literacy in venous leg ulcer patients. Broadly, the research suggested that health literacy was suboptimal amongst those with venous leg ulcers, and health literacy interventions had limited effects on improving key venous leg ulcer specific outcomes. CONCLUSION: This review provides a synthesis of extant literature examining health literacy in patients with venous leg ulcers. We identified a dearth of literature investigating the value of general and specific health literacy interventions in this space. Most importantly, no recent research on general health literacy and venous leg ulcers was identified, despite strong theoretical utility to do so. The few studies identified largely indicated that targeting health literacy of patients with venous leg ulcers is a viable area of research and intervention, encouraging future researchers and clinicians to consider patient health literacy in venous leg ulcer management.

Association between physical activity levels and healing in people with venous leg ulcers: secondary analysis of prospective cohort data.

Aim: To explore the relationship between physical activity levels and wound healing and recurrence in people with venous leg ulcers. Methods: Questionnaires and medical records were used to collect data, with responses used to group participants into different physical activity groups. The differences in healing and recurrence outcomes of ulcers among different physical activity groups were compared using Chi-square, Kaplan Meier survival analysis, Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, and Kruskal-Wallis test. To measure the strength of the association between physical activity levels and patient outcomes, Spearman's Rho tests were used. We used descriptive analysis to examine how physical activity levels change over 24 weeks. Results: Participants were classified into four distinct groups based on physical activity levels reported at baseline and week 12. The survival analysis showed higher physical activity level was associated with a shorter time to healing (log-rank test = 14.78, df = 3; p = 0.002). The persistently moderate-to-vigorous group had a 7.3-fold increased likelihood of healing compared to the persistently sedentary group. High levels of physical activity were also associated with a better quality of life score at baseline (ρ = 0.41, p < 0.000), week 12 (ρ = 0.36, p < 0.001), and week 24 (ρ = 0.49, p < 0.000). Most participants (48.5%) reported low levels of physical activity, which remained low for the entire study period. Conclusion: An increased level of physical activity was linked to a shorter healing time and enhanced quality of life. Low levels of physical activity appeared common among people with venous leg ulcers.

Barriers and enablers to physical activity in people with venous leg ulcers: A systematic review of qualitative studies.

BACKGROUND: Venous leg ulceration is caused by chronic venous insufficiency and affects millions of adults worldwide who suffer prolonged healing episodes and due to underlying pathophysiology ulcer recurrence is common after healing. Compression therapy is the current best practice for managing venous leg ulcer since it provides constant pressure, which promotes circulation in the lower limbs. Nevertheless, the healing outcomes of venous leg ulcer vary considerably. Physical activity may be an effective adjunct treatment to improve ulcer healing outcomes. However, a low level of physical activity level is observed in this cohort. OBJECTIVE: To identify the barriers and enablers that affect physical activity participation in people with venous leg ulcers. DESIGN: A systematic review of qualitative studies using the mega-aggregation approach. METHODS: We followed the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for systematic reviews of qualitative evidence. We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL PLUS, PsycINFO and Emcare to identify relevant articles published in English from 1806 to January 2021. Two reviewers independently screened and selected articles against inclusion criteria. Eligible studies were appraised for methodological quality using Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tool. Qualitative data were extracted manually. Theoretical Domain Framework was used to map barriers and enablers to physical activity participation. RESULTS: Eighteen studies were included in this review. The main barriers and enablers identified in this review that influence physical activity engagement in people with venous leg ulcers are as follows: understanding the chronic nature of venous leg ulcers and the reasons for undertaking physical activities; specific beliefs that people hold about their own capabilities; pain related to wound and compression therapy; information and supports received from treating clinicians; feeling of fear and embarrassment. The confidence level for most of the synthesis findings was moderate to low. CONCLUSIONS: Our review identified people with venous leg ulcers experience significant challenges preventing them from engaging in physical activity. Factors such as knowledge of physical activity, availability of information, and self-belief may be particularly important for promoting physical activity in this cohort. Future interventions are recommended to provide educational information and clear instructions to improve participation. Further research is needed to explore potential interventions that may change physical activity behaviour in this population group. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42021238579.

Clinical Coders' Perspectives on Pressure Injury Coding in Acute Care Services in Victoria, Australia.

Pressure injuries (PIs) substantively impact quality of care during hospital stays, although only when they are severe or acquired as a result of the hospital stay are they reported as quality indicators. Globally, researchers have repeatedly highlighted the need to invest more in quality improvement, risk assessment, prevention, early detection, and care for PI to avoid the higher costs associated with treatment of PI. Coders' perspectives on quality assurance of the clinical coded PI data have never been investigated. This study aimed to explore challenges that hospital coders face in accurately coding and reporting PI data and subsequently, explore reasons why data sources may vary in their reporting of PI data. This article is based upon data collected as part of a multi-phase collaborative project to build capacity for optimizing PI prevention across Monash Partners health services. We have conducted 16 semi-structured phone interviews with clinical coders recruited from four participating health services located in Melbourne, Australia. One of the main findings was that hospital coders often lacked vital information in clinicians' records needed to code PI and report quality indicators accurately and highlighted the need for quality improvement processes for PI clinical documentation. Nursing documentation improvement is a vital component of the complex capacity building programs on PI prevention in acute care services and is relied on by coders. Coders reported the benefit of inter-professional collaborative workshops, where nurses and coders shared their perspectives. Collaborative workshops had the potential to improve coders' knowledge of PI classification and clinicians' understanding of what information should be included when documenting PI in the medical notes. Our findings identified three methods of quality assurance were important to coders to ensure accuracy of PI reporting: (1) training prior to initiation of coding activity and (2) continued education, and (3) audit and feedback communication about how to handle specific complex cases and complex documentation. From a behavioral perspective, most of the coders reported confidence in their own abilities and were open to changes in coding standards. Transitioning from paper-based to electronic records highlighted the need to improve training of both clinicians and coders.

Investigating quality of life instrument measurement properties for adults with active venous leg ulcers: A systematic review.

The primary objective of this systematic review was to identify which quality of life instruments have been applied in published studies of patients with active venous leg ulcers. Our secondary objective was to map the measurement properties of each identified quality of life instrument and to inform future recommendations for clinical practice and research. We searched CINAHL, Ovid Medline, Ovid Emcare and ProQuest to identify studies published from 1 January 2000 to 31 July 2021. Eleven studies that utilised quality of life instruments in adults with active venous leg ulcers met the inclusion criteria. Thirteen quality of life instruments were identified as some studies utilised both generic and condition-specific quality of life instruments. Six out of nine (6/9) instruments were rated 'very good' of methodological quality on internal consistency; 1/7 studies rated 'adequate' on reliability; 2/4 rated 'adequate' on content validity; 3/6 studies rated 'adequate' on structural validity; 5/6 rated 'adequate' on hypotheses testing for construct and 2/6 studies rated 'adequate' on responsiveness. There is limited evidence of measurement properties of quality of life instruments for people with active venous leg ulcers. The Venous Leg Ulcer Quality of Life Questionnaire (VLU-QoL) could be provisionally recommended for use although from our review it is clear further studies to assess VLU-QoL measurement properties are needed to inform future recommendations for clinical practice and research.

Effects of physical activity as an adjunct treatment on healing outcomes and recurrence of venous leg ulcers: A scoping review.

Healing time is protracted and ulcer recurrence is common in patients with venous leg ulcers. Although compression is the mainstay treatment, many patients do not heal timely. Physical activity may be a clinically effective adjunct treatment to compression to improve healing outcomes. This scoping review provides a broad overview of the effect of physical activity as an adjunct treatment to compression on wound healing and recurrence. We followed the six-step framework developed by Arksey and O'Malley. We searched electronic databases and trial registration websites for relevant studies and ongoing trials. Two authors independently screened and selected articles. Findings were presented in a descriptive statistical narrative summary. We consulted and presented our findings to the wound consumer group to ensure the relevance of our study. Physical activity interventions in 12 out of the 16 eligible studies consisted of only one component, eight studies were resistance exercises, three studies reported ankle and/or foot range of motion exercises, and one study reported aerobic/walking exercises. The remaining four studies involved multicomponent exercise interventions. Resistance exercise combined with ankle and/or foot range of motion exercise minimised ulcer size on day 12 (intervention group: 4.55 ± 1.14 cm2 vs. control group: 7.43 ± 0.56 cm2 ) and improved calf muscle pump performance on day 8 (ejection fraction: 40%-65%; residual volume fraction: 56%-40%). We identified one study that reported ulcer recurrence rate with no clinical difference in the intervention group versus the control group (i.e., 12% in intervention vs. 5% in control). Our review identified that resistance exercise was the most common type of physical activity intervention trialled in the published literature. Resistance exercise combined with ankle and/or foot range of motion exercise appears to be effective adjunct treatments; however, the overall evidence is still relatively weak as most programmes had a short intervention period which limited clinical outcomes.

Pressure Injury Surveillance and Prevention in Australia: Monash Partners Capacity Building Framework.

A hospital-acquired pressure injury (HAPI) is a common complication across the globe. The severity of HAPI ranges from skin redness and no skin breakdown to full skin and tissue loss, exposing the tendons and bones. HAPI can significantly impact the quality of life. In addition to the human cost, this injury carries a high economic burden with the cost of treatment far outweighing the preventative measures. The HAPI rates are a key indicator of health services performance. Globally, healthcare services aim to reduce its incidence. In Australia, the federal health minister has prioritised the need for improvement in HAPI surveillance and prevention. Capacity building is vital to optimise pressure injury (PI) surveillance and prevention in acute care services. In this perspective article, we provide a framework for capacity building to optimise HAPI prevention and surveillance in a large cross-sector collaborative partnership in Australia. This framework comprises six key action areas in capacity building to optimise the HAPI outcomes, such as research, organisational development, workforce development, leadership, collaboration, and consumer involvement.

Physical Activity as an Adjunct to Compression Therapy on Healing Outcomes and Recurrence in Patients With Venous Leg Ulcers: A Scoping Review Protocol.

Background: Chronic venous leg ulceration is a common and costly clinical issue across the world, affecting up to 3 in 1,000 people. Compression therapy is recommended as the gold standard treatment in clinical practice, although a large number of venous leg ulcers remain unhealed after several years. Physical activity may improve healing although there is limited evidence on the effects of physical activity as an adjuvant treatment to compression to improve venous leg ulcers healing and prevent recurrence. Objectives: This scoping review protocol aims to systematically search, appraise, and synthesize quantitative research evidence to assess the effect of physical activity interventions applied in conjunction with compression therapy on venous leg ulcer healing and recurrence. Methods and Analysis: We will use the methodology framework suggested by Arksey and O'Malley, Levac et al., the JBI as a guide. We will also follow the three-step search strategy recommended by the JBI to systematic search for relevant published research, ongoing clinical trials, and grey literature. Two review authors will independently screen titles and abstracts followed by full-text review to determine final eligibility for inclusion. The search process will be reported using a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flow chart. Characteristics of physical activity interventions, primary outcomes related to ulcer healing and recurrence, and secondary outcomes of interest included quality of life, pain level, adverse effects, and economic costs will be extracted and summarized. The review will provide a descriptive account of the findings from included studies. Where appropriate, data will be pooled for a meta-analysis using a random effects model. Discussion: Physical activity interventions represent a low-cost, potentially useful adjuvant treatment to compression therapy for the management of venous leg ulcers. Several gaps in knowledge remain that are answerable via a targeted scoping review. This protocol outlines the rationale, objectives, and the planned methodology for conducting the study. Ethics and Dissemination: The scoping review will use data from publicly available sources and ethical approval is not required. Findings from this review will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal, presented at relevant conferences and disseminated via social media.

Patient Explanation of Adherence and Non-Adherence to Venous Leg Ulcer Treatment: A Qualitative Study.

The aim of this study was to understand which factors influence patients' adherence to venous leg ulcer treatment recommendations in primary care. We adopted a qualitative study design, conducting phone interviews with 31 people with venous leg ulcers in Melbourne, Australia. We conducted 31 semi-structured phone interviews between October and December 2019 with patients with clinically diagnosed venous leg ulcers. Participants recruited to the Aspirin in Venous Leg Ulcer Randomized Control Trial and Cohort study were invited to participate in a qualitative study, which was nested under this trial. We applied the Theoretical Domains Framework to guide the data analysis. The following factors influenced patients' adherence to venous leg ulcer treatment: understanding the management plan and rationale behind treatment (Knowledge Domain); compression-related body image issues (Social Influences); understanding consequences of not wearing compression (Beliefs about Consequences); feeling overwhelmed because it's not getting better (Emotions); hot weather and discomfort when wearing compression (Environmental Context and Resources); cost of compression (Environmental Context and Resources); ability to wear compression (Beliefs about Capabilities); patience and persistence (Behavioral Regulation); and remembering self-care instructions (Memory, Attention and Decision Making). The Theoretical Domains Framework was useful for identifying factors that influence patients' adherence to treatment recommendations for venous leg ulcers management. These factors may inform development of novel interventions to optimize shared decision making and self-care to improve healing outcomes. The findings from this article will be relevant to clinicians involved in management of patients with venous leg ulcers, as their support is crucial to patients' treatment adherence. Consultation with patients about VLU treatment adherence is an opportunity for clinical practice to be targeted and collaborative. This process may inform guideline development.

Barriers and enablers to physical activity participation in patients with venous leg ulcers: a systematic review protocol of qualitative evidence.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to synthesize available qualitative evidence to provide an overview of the barriers and enablers that influence physical activity participation in patients with venous leg ulcers. INTRODUCTION: Management of venous leg ulcers is a costly and time-consuming process in clinical settings due to the protracted healing process. Physical activity may be a useful adjuvant treatment to improve healing outcomes. However, a low level of physical activity is still observed in patients with venous leg ulcers and the reasons are multifactorial. A comprehensive understanding of the barriers and enablers to physical activity participation from different perspectives is crucial to develop workable interventions and achieve desired healing outcomes. INCLUSION CRITERIA: The review will consider qualitative studies that focus on evidence concerning the barriers and enablers influencing physical activity level in adults diagnosed with venous leg ulcers in all settings. METHODS: Relevant studies will be searched in MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus, PsycINFO, and Emcare databases. Only studies published in English will be considered, with no date limits. Two independent reviewers will perform title and abstract screening and the full text of potential eligible studies will be retrieved and assessed against the inclusion criteria. All eligible studies will be appraised for methodological quality. Qualitative data will be extracted manually by two independent reviewers. A meta-aggregation approach will be used to pool and categorize findings from the included studies. The ConQual approach will be used to grade the final synthesized findings to determine confidence in the analysis findings. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42021238579.

Health literacy in people with venous leg ulcers: a protocol for scoping review.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic venous leg ulcer (VLU) healing is a complex clinical problem. It requires intervention from skilled, costly, multidisciplinary wound-care teams, working with patients to manage their care. Compression therapy has been shown to help heal venous ulcers and to reduce recurrence, with some evidence suggesting the value of exercise as well. These activities require health education and health literacy (HL) as patients must process, understand and consistently apply health information for successful self-management. Research suggests that those most vulnerable to VLUs also tend to have limited HL, but there have been no reviews examining the state of HL in patients with previous or active VLUs. This scoping review aims to examine the level of HL in VLU patients and how HL may link to self-management behaviours (particularly exercise and compression adherence), and their VLU healing generally. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will use Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Scoping Review guidelines and the Levac methodology framework to explore eligible papers that examine the effect of HL on their exercise and compression adherence. Electronic databases will be searched (MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, PsycInfo and Health, OpenGray), examining for all papers on these subjects published between 2000 and 2020. All studies describing compression and or exercise during VLU management will be included. Study characteristics will be recorded; qualitative data will be extracted and evaluated. Quantitative data will be extracted and summarised. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: We will disseminate results through peer-reviewed publications. We will use data (ie, journal articles) from publicly available platforms; so, this study does not require ethical review. The consultation step will be carried out with patients, carers and health professionals as part of an established wound consumer group.

Social and Cognitive Psychology Theories in Understanding COVID-19 as the Pandemic of Blame.

When faced with adverse circumstances, there may be a tendency for individuals, agencies, and governments to search for a target to assign blame. Our focus will be on the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, where racial groups, political parties, countries, and minorities have been blamed for spreading, producing or creating the virus. Blame-here defined as attributing causality, responsibility, intent, or foresight to someone/something for a fault or wrong-has already begun to damage modern society and medical practice in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak. Evidence from past and current pandemics suggest that this tendency to seek blame affects international relations, promotes unwarranted devaluation of health professionals, and prompts a spike of racism and discrimination. By drawing on social and cognitive psychology theories, we provide a framework that helps to understand (1) the effect of blame in pandemics, (2) when people blame, whom they blame, and (3) how blame detrimentally affects the COVID-19 response. Ultimately, we provide a path to inform health messaging to reduce blaming tendencies, based on social psychological principles for health communication.

Rationale for participation in venous leg ulcer clinical research: Patient interview study.

Recruitment to wound care clinical trials is challenging and a better understanding of patient decisions to participate has the potential to influence recruitment success. We conducted 31 semi-structured telephone interviews of patients who participated in the Aspirin in Venous Leg Ulcer (ASPiVLU) randomised controlled trail (RCT) or ASPiVLU cohort study. Data were coded and analysed using thematic analysis. We identified four key themes: (a) "I participated to help others"; (b) "I participated in research to thank those who cared for me"; (c) "I participated to receive better care"; and (d) "I participated to have a say on what works." These themes became basic elements for the Rationale for Research Participation Framework that we have developed to improve the participant recruitment process for clinical trials in wound care.