ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The separate impacts of dose and dose intensity of chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer remain uncertain. The primary objective of this trial was to compare a short, high-dose, intensive course of epirubicin and cyclophosphamide (EC) with a longer conventional dose regimen delivering the same total dose of chemotherapy. METHODS: This open label trial randomised 235 women with metastatic breast cancer to receive either high-dose epirubicin 150 mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide 1500 mg/m2 with filgrastim support every 3 weeks for 3 cycles (HDEC) or standard dose epirubicin 75 mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide 750 mg/m2 every 3 weeks for 6 cycles (SDEC). Primary outcomes were time to progression, overall survival and quality of life. RESULTS: In 118 patients allocated HDEC 90% of the planned dose was delivered, compared to 96% in the 117 participants allocated SDEC. There were no significant differences in the time to disease progression (5.7 vs. 5.8 months, P = 0.19) or overall survival (14.5 vs. 16.5 months, P = 0.29) between HDEC and SDEC, respectively. Patients on HDEC reported worse quality of life during therapy, but scores improved after completion to approximate those reported by patients allocated SDEC. Objective tumour response was recorded in 33 (28%) on HDEC and 42 patients (36%) on SDEC. HDEC produced more haematologic toxicity. CONCLUSION: For women with metastatic breast cancer, disease progression, survival or quality of life were no better with high-dose intensity compared to standard dose EC chemotherapy. Australian Clinical Trials Registry registration number ACTRN12605000478617.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage , Epirubicin/administration & dosage , Filgrastim/administration & dosage , Adult , Aged , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Cyclophosphamide/therapeutic use , Disease-Free Survival , Drug Administration Schedule , Epirubicin/therapeutic use , Female , Filgrastim/therapeutic use , Humans , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Metastasis , Quality of Life , Treatment Outcome , Young AdultABSTRACT
The purpose of the research was to measure the cognitive structures of five and six-year old children using a sorting task commonly employed by Piaget and also using a similarity estimation task. Multidimensional scaling techniques were used to analyze both sets of data. The similarity analysis revealed that 92% of the children had stable, organized cognitive structures for the experimental stimuli while an analysis of the sorting data (for the same students) indicated that only 30% of these children had stable structures. The study strongly suggests that the demand characteristics of sorting tasks make them relatively poor techniques for evaluating cognitive structures in children as compared with similarity tasks.
