Metallic nanoparticles and treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (LC) is an infectious vector-borne disease caused by parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania. Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been investigated as alternatives for the treatment of LC owing to their small size and high surface area. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effect of MNPs in the treatment of LC through experimental, in vitro and in vivo investigations. METHODS: The databases used were MEDLINE/ PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Science Direct. Manual searches of the reference lists of the included studies and grey literature were also performed. English language and experimental in vitro and in vivo studies using different Leishmania species, both related to MNP treatment, were included. This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021248245). RESULTS: A total of 93 articles were included. Silver nanoparticles are the most studied MNPs, and L. tropica is the most studied species. Among the mechanisms of action of MNPs in vitro, we highlight the production of reactive oxygen species, direct contact of MNPs with the biomolecules of the parasite, and release of metal ions. CONCLUSION: MNPs may be considered a promising alternative for the treatment of LC, but further studies are needed to define their efficacy and safety.

Avaliação do processo de aprendizagem no ambiente virtual do Programa Saúde com Agente / Evaluation of the learning process in the virtual environment of the Health Program with Agent / Evaluación del proceso de aprendizaje en el entorno virtual del Programa Salud con Agente

RESUMO: O estudo aqui apresentado teve por objetivo avaliar a percepção da qualidade do processo de aprendizagem no ambiente virtual dos estudantes do Programa Saúde com Agente. Tratou-se de um estudo transversal, realizado em 2022, com 9.145 estudantes dos cursos de Técnico em Agente Comunitário de Saúde e Técnico em Vigilância em Saúde com Ênfase no Combate às Endemias. Informações sobre a qualidade do processo de aprendizagem foram obtidas por meio do questionário Constructivist On-Line Learning Environment Survey, que consiste em 24 questões agrupadas em seis dimensões: relevância, reflexão crítica, interação, apoio dos tutores, apoio dos colegas e compreensão. Avaliaram-se o perfil sociodemográfico dos participantes e as principais formas de acesso ao curso e acompanhamento. Realizou-se análise descritiva; para análise de associação, utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. A maioria dos participantes é do sexo feminino, faixa etária de 40 a 49 anos, da região Nordeste; realiza as atividades em casa e usa o celular/smartphone. Ao se considerarem as seis dimensões avaliadas, relevância, interação e apoio dos colegas obtiveram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os estudantes dos cursos de Técnico em Agente Comunitário de Saúde e Técnico em Vigilância em Saúde com Ênfase no Combate às Endemias.

ABSTRACT: The study presented here aimed to evaluate the perception of the quality of the learning process in the virtual environment of the students of the Health Program with Agent. It was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2022 with 9,145 students from the Community Health Agent Technician and Health Surveillance Technician courses with an Emphasis on Combating Endemic Diseases. Information on the quality of the learning process was obtained through the Constructivist On-Line Learning Environment Survey, which consists of 24 questions grouped into six dimensions: relevance, critical reflection, interaction, tutor support, peer support, and understanding. The sociodemographic profile of the participants and the primary forms of access to the course and monitoring were evaluated. Descriptive analysis was performed; for association analysis, the chi-square or Fisher's exact test was used. Most participants are females aged 40 to 49 from the Northeast region; they perform activities at home and use their cell phones/smartphones. When considering the six dimensions evaluated, relevance, interaction, and support of colleagues obtained statistically significant differences between the students of the courses of Community Health Agent Technician and Health Surveillance Technician with Emphasis on Combating Endemic Diseases.

RESUMEN: El objetivo del estudio presentado fue evaluar la percepción de la calidad del proceso de aprendizaje en el entorno virtual de los alumnos del Programa Salud con Agentes. Se trató de un estudio transversal realizado en 2022 con 9.145 alumnos de los cursos de Técnico en Agente Comunitario de Salud y Técnico en Vigilancia Sanitaria con énfasis en la lucha contra las enfermedades endémicas. La información sobre la calidad del proceso de aprendizaje se obtuvo a través de la Encuesta Constructivist On-Line Learning Environment Survey, que consta de 24 preguntas agrupadas en seis dimensiones: relevancia, reflexión crítica, interacción, apoyo de los tutores, apoyo de los alumnos y comprensión. Se evaluó el perfil sociodemográfico de los participantes y las principales vías de acceso al curso y seguimiento. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado o la prueba exacta de Fisher para analizar las asociaciones. Los participantes eran en su mayoría mujeres, en la franja de edad 40 a 49 años, de la región Nordeste; realizaban las actividades en casa y utilizaban teléfonos móviles/smartphones. Al considerar las seis dimensiones evaluadas, la relevancia, la interacción y el apoyo de los compañeros mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los alumnos de los cursos de Técnico en Agente Comunitario de Salud y Técnico en Vigilancia Sanitaria con Énfasis en la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Endémicas.

The Program for the Control of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil: The Effect of the Systematic Euthanasia of Seropositive Dogs as a Single Control Action in Porteirinha, a Brazilian City with an Intense Transmission of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

BACKGROUND: Porteirinha is endemic for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), with intense disease transmission of the disease. We evaluated the impact of canine euthanasia as a single control measure on the incidence of VL in humans and canines. METHODS: A prospective observational cohort study was carried out over four years (1998-2002) in 8 of the 12 neighborhoods of the city. The dynamics of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) transmission were evaluated for 2 years, before beginning the screening-culling intervention. The comparative morbidity index (CMI) was used to stratify areas with the greatest risk of CVL, and the spatial distribution of human and canine VL cases was compared using univariate and bivariate K-functions. RESULTS: Human cases conglomerated in three neighborhoods. Spatial clusters were detected for CVL in 1998, 2000, and 2001, but not in 1999, when greater spatial dispersion occurred. The screening and culling intervention reduced the number of human VL cases and decreased the incidence of CVL, mainly in neighborhoods with a high CMI. CONCLUSIONS: The systematic euthanasia of seropositive dogs was shown to be an effective control action of the Program for Control of Visceral Leishmaniasis (PCLV) in Brazil. The fundamental role of domestic dogs in the epidemiological chain of VL was reaffirmed.

Influence of the Dose and Frequency of Administration of Tramadol on Analgesia, Hematological, Biochemical Parameters, and Oxidative Status of Cats Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the repeated administration of tramadol subcutaneously on postoperative analgesia, liver, kidneys, and oxidative status in the postoperative period of cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Thirty-seven cats were randomly assigned to 5 groups, according to the postoperative analgesic treatment: NaCl 0.9%, GC; tramadol at 2 mg/kg, T2B (q12h) and T2T (q8h); or 4 mg/kg, T4B (q12h) and T4T (q8h). Oxidative status was assessed at baseline, 12 hours and 24 hours after the final administration of tramadol by the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), myeloperoxidase (MPO), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and lipoperoxidation (MDA). Total blood count, serum biochemistry and urinalysis were compared between baseline and 12 hours posttramadol. Postoperative pain was evaluated by applying the Glasgow Feline Composite Measure Pain Scale at baseline, 3 (T3), 6 (T6), 8 (T8), 12 (T12), 24 (T24) e 36 (T36) hours after extubation. No side effects were observed. Tramadol increased SOD activity while CAT varied among groups in all time points but not over time. MDA levels increased from baseline to 12 hours in all groups but T4T. MPO activity decreased from baseline to 24 hours in some groups, including GC. Creatinine and phosphatase alkaline decreased in T2T, T4B, and T4T at 12 hours. Higher pain scores were observed from T3 to T8, except for GC. Rescue analgesia was administered only at T3. No difference in pain scores was observed from T8 onwards. Based on the findings, it is suggested that tramadol at 2 mg/kg every 8 hours is recommended for postoperative analgesia of cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

Compartment Syndrome Secondary to Bothrops spp. Envenomation in Triângulo Mineiro, Region, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Snakebite is a neglected global health problem with high morbidity. We describe compartment syndrome (CS) cases related to snakebites by Bothrops spp. METHODS: The medical records of patients admitted with snakebites envenomation were reviewed. RESULTS: Of 47 patients with Bothrops spp. envenomation (4 male; mean age: 42 years), 7 (15%) developed CS. The mean time to antivenom administration was 9.5 hours. The time to fasciotomy was variable. Seven patients developed infection and four had acute kidney injury. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of CS is higher than that reported previously. This may be due to the clinical severity and long delay before administering antivenom.

Inconsistent condom use with casual partners among men who have sex with men in Brazil: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate factors associated with inconsistent condom use with casual partners in a population of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Brazil. METHODS: In 2016, 4,176 MSM >18 years were enrolled in 12 capitals of Brazil using a Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) method. For the construction of the outcome, we evaluated questions about condom use in all anal intercourse (receptive and insertive) in the previous six months and the last sexual intercourse. Estimates were calculated using a weighted complex sample design. We performed a logistic regression analysis to determine the associations between sociodemographic and behavioral factors and inconsistent condom use in sexual relationships with casual male partners. RESULTS: More than half of our sample (50.8%) had not used condoms consistently with casual partners in the previous six months. Inconsistent condom use was significantly associated with: low education (weighted odds ratio - wOR: 1.55; 95% confidence interval - CI 0.99-2.40), lack of counseling on sexually transmitted infections STI (wOR: 1.51; 95%CI 1.05-2.17), non-use of condoms at sexual debut (wOR: 3.05; 95%CI 2.12-4.40) and moderate and high perceived risk for HIV (wOR: 1.51; 95%CI 1.07-2.14). Higher age was negatively associated with inconsistent condom use (wOR=0.97, 95%CI 0.89-0.99). CONCLUSION: Despite being an individual behavior, condom use is related to factors beyond the individual scope. HIV/Aids prevention policies should focus on younger MSM, providing qualified information about condom use, preferably before the beginning of their sexual life.

Inconsistent condom use with casual partners among men who have sex with men in Brazil: a cross-sectional study / Uso inconsistente do preservativo com parceiros casuais entre homens que fazem sexo com homens no Brasil: um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to evaluate factors associated with inconsistent condom use with casual partners in a population of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Brazil. Methods: In 2016, 4,176 MSM >18 years were enrolled in 12 capitals of Brazil using a Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) method. For the construction of the outcome, we evaluated questions about condom use in all anal intercourse (receptive and insertive) in the previous six months and the last sexual intercourse. Estimates were calculated using a weighted complex sample design. We performed a logistic regression analysis to determine the associations between sociodemographic and behavioral factors and inconsistent condom use in sexual relationships with casual male partners. Results: More than half of our sample (50.8%) had not used condoms consistently with casual partners in the previous six months. Inconsistent condom use was significantly associated with: low education (weighted odds ratio — wOR: 1.55; 95% confidence interval — CI 0.99-2.40), lack of counseling on sexually transmitted infections STI (wOR: 1.51; 95%CI 1.05-2.17), non-use of condoms at sexual debut (wOR: 3.05; 95%CI 2.12-4.40) and moderate and high perceived risk for HIV (wOR: 1.51; 95%CI 1.07-2.14). Higher age was negatively associated with inconsistent condom use (wOR=0.97, 95%CI 0.89-0.99). Conclusion: Despite being an individual behavior, condom use is related to factors beyond the individual scope. HIV/Aids prevention policies should focus on younger MSM, providing qualified information about condom use, preferably before the beginning of their sexual life.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os fatores associados ao uso inconsistente do preservativo com parceiros casuais em uma população de homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH) no Brasil. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com método de amostragem Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS), desenvolvido em 12 capitais do Brasil, com 4.176 HSH. Para a construção do desfecho, foram avaliadas questões sobre o uso do preservativo em todas as relações anais (receptivas e insertivas) nos últimos seis meses e a última relação sexual. As estimativas foram calculadas usando um desenho amostral complexo ponderado. Realizamos uma análise de regressão logística para determinar as associações entre fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentais e o uso inconsistente do preservativo. Resultados: Mais da metade da nossa amostra (50,8%) não usou preservativo de forma consistente com parceiros casuais nos últimos seis meses. O uso inconsistente do preservativo foi significativamente associado a: falta de aconselhamento sobre infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (weighted odds ratio — wOR: 1,51; intervalo de confiança — IC95% 1,05-2,17), não uso de preservativo na primeira relação sexual (wOR: 3,05; IC95% 2,12-4,40) e autopercepção de risco para o HIV como moderado e alto (wOR: 1,51; IC95% 1,07-2,14). Maior idade foi negativamente associada ao uso inconsistente do preservativo (wOR=0,97, IC95% 0,89-0,99). Conclusão: Apesar de ser um comportamento individual, o uso do preservativo está relacionado a fatores além do âmbito privado. As políticas de prevenção ao HIV/AIDS devem focar nos HSH mais jovens, fornecendo informações qualificadas sobre o uso do preservativo, preferencialmente antes do início da vida sexual.

Compartment Syndrome Secondary to Bothrops spp. Envenomation in Triângulo Mineiro, Region, Minas Gerais, Brazil

ABSTRACT Background: Snakebite is a neglected global health problem with high morbidity. We describe compartment syndrome (CS) cases related to snakebites by Bothrops spp. Methods: The medical records of patients admitted with snakebites envenomation were reviewed. Results: Of 47 patients with Bothrops spp. envenomation (4 male; mean age: 42 years), 7 (15%) developed CS. The mean time to antivenom administration was 9.5 hours. The time to fasciotomy was variable. Seven patients developed infection and four had acute kidney injury. Conclusions: The incidence of CS is higher than that reported previously. This may be due to the clinical severity and long delay before administering antivenom.

Factors associated with loss to follow up among HIV-exposed children: a historical cohort study from 2000 to 2017, in Porto Alegre, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: There are many inequalities in terms of prevention and treatment for pregnant women with HIV and exposed children in low and middle-income countries. The Brazilian protocol for prenatal care includes rapid diagnostic testing for HIV, compulsory notification, and monitoring by the epidemiological surveillance of children exposed to HIV until 18 months after delivery. The case is closed after HIV serology results are obtained. Lost to follow-up is defined as a child who was not located at the end of the case, and, therefore, did not have a laboratory diagnosis. Lost to follow-up is a current problem and has been documented in other countries. This study analyzed factors associated with loss to follow-up among HIV-exposed children, including sociodemographic, behavioral, and health variables of mothers of children lost to follow-up. METHODS: This historical cohort study included information on mothers of children exposed to HIV, born in Porto Alegre, from 2000 to 2017. The research outcome was the classification at the end of the child's follow-up (lost to follow-up or not). Factors associated with loss to follow-up were investigated using the Poisson regression model. Relative Risk calculations were performed. The significance level of 5% was adopted for variables in the adjusted model. RESULTS: Of 6,836 children exposed to HIV, 1,763 (25.8%) were classified as lost to follow-up. The factors associated were: maternal age of up to 22 years (aRR 1.25, 95% CI: 1.09-1.43), the mother's self-declared race/color being black or mixed (aRR 1.13, 95% CI: 1.03-1.25), up to three years of schooling (aRR 1.45, 95% CI: 1.26-1.67), between four and seven years of schooling (aRR 1.14, 95% CI: 1.02-1.28), intravenous drug use (aRR 1.29, 95% CI: 1.12-1.50), and HIV diagnosis during prenatal care or at delivery (aRR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.24-1.52). CONCLUSION: Variables related to individual vulnerability, such as race, age, schooling, and variables related to social and programmatic vulnerability, remain central to reducing loss to follow-up among HIV-exposed children.

Estratégia protetora de ventilação mecânica na síndrome respiratória aguda grave por influenza: revisão sistemática / Protective mechanical ventilation strategy in severe acute respiratory syndrome by influenza: a systematic review

Objetivo: Avaliar se a estratégia protetora de ventilação mecânica na síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA) por Influenza é capaz de reduzir o tempo de ventilação mecânica e aumentar a sobrevida. Métodos: A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane, Lilacs, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Cinahl e SAGE, entre 2009 e 2019. Buscou-se por ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados, estudos analíticos com grupo controle: coorte prospectiva ou controle histórico. A população estudada foi de indivíduos adultos com diagnóstico de síndrome respiratória aguda grave por Influenza, que receberam estratégia protetora de ventilação com baixos volumes correntes e/ou manobra de recrutamento alveolar comparada com qualquer outra estratégia. Resultados: A busca resultou em 445 referências; apenas 1 artigo preencheu os critérios de elegibilidade. O estudo incluído trouxe que o uso de baixos volumes traz benefícios para os pacientes com SDRA de etiologias virais, como menor tempo de ventilação mecânica, de internação em UTI e hospitalar. Conclusão: A escassez de artigos sobre a estratégia de ventilação protetora em SDRA secundário à infecção por Influenza não permite concluir se essa estratégia é capaz de reduzir o tempo de ventilação e/ou melhorar a sobrevida nessa população. A literatura carece de mais estudos que permitam conclusões robustas.

Grapiprant or carprofen following ovariohysterectomy in the cat: analgesic efficacy, hematological, biochemical and urinalysis evaluation.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the analgesic effect between carprofen and grapiprant every 12 or 24 h on postoperative pain in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy, in addition to the effects on the hematological, biochemical and urinalysis variables. METHODS: A total of 32 female cats were randomly divided into three groups, according to the treatment administered with the first dose given orally 90 mins before surgery, as follows: CAR (cats received 4 mg/kg carprofen, n = 11); GRA1 (cats received 2 mg/kg grapiprant, n = 10); and GRA2 (cats received 2 mg/kg grapiprant q12h, n = 11). Pain was assessed by UNESP-Botucatu Multidimensional Composite Pain Scale (UNESP) and Glasgow Feline Composite Measure Pain Scale (GLASGOW) for cats preoperatively (baseline) and at 1, 3, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h after extubation. Venous blood was collected at baseline, and 12 and 24 h after the administration of carprofen or grapiprant to perform a complete blood count (CBC), the percentage of Heinz bodies and serum biochemistry (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, creatinine and urea). Urinalysis was performed at baseline and 24 h after extubation. Glucose levels were evaluated at baseline and 1 h postoperatively. RESULTS: Pain scores were not significantly different among groups in both scales, although pain was higher at 3 h in comparison with 24 h in all groups. In the GRA1 and GRA2 groups, 67% (14/21) of cats needed rescue analgesia compared with 18% (2/11) in the CAR group. Glucose increased from baseline to 1 h in the GRA1 and GRA2 groups. None of the CBC, serum biochemistry and urinalysis variables differed among groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Grapiprant did not promote adequate analgesia during the first 3 h postoperatively in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy compared with carprofen, and no benefits were observed by administering grapiprant every 12 h.

Laryngeal Paralysis Following Endotracheal Intubation in a Dog: A Case Report.

The occurrence of laryngeal paralysis following endotracheal intubation in dogs is rare. A one-year-old canine was presented with aspiration pneumonia in the postoperative period following general anesthesia for acetabular denervation surgery. After a month of treatment for aspiration pneumonia, the patient had inspiratory stridor and dyspnea, and the diagnosis of unilateral laryngeal paralysis was made through laryngoscopy. Along with the benefits of endotracheal intubation come many risks. Laryngeal paralysis can be a serious complication, predisposing the patient to aspiration. This report is the second in veterinary medicine to describe laryngeal paralysis as a possible complication after endotracheal intubation in a dog.

Pulmonary hemorrhage in dengue: differential diagnosis with acute viral respiratory syndromes including COVID-19.

Clinical similarities among viral diseases become even more relevant considering the current scenario, especially in Brazil, where there is a high incidence of these diseases and overlapping seasonality. We report the case of a patient with acute clinical manifestations composed of predominant respiratory symptoms and alveolar hemorrhage in which three etiologies (dengue, influenza and COVID-19) were investigated concomitantly. Only the diagnosis of dengue was confirmed. Then, the patient's immunological profile in response to stimulation of mononuclear cells with dengue virus antigen was analyzed in an attempt to identify specific characteristics that could be associated with the clinical manifestation.

Prematuridade e sua relação com o estado nutricional e o tipo de nutrição durante a internação hospitalar / Prematurity and its relationship to nutritional status and type of nutrition during hospitalization

Introdução: fatores de risco gestacionais podem culminar na prematuridade neonatal, que constitui um grande desafio para a saúde pública em todo o mundo, sendo uma das principais causas de mortes neonatais. Objetivo: analisar uma população de prematuros, internados em unidades neonatais em relação ao estado nutricional e à alimentação recebida. Metodologia: delineamento observacional retrospectivo, com 125 recém-nascidos prematuros de uma maternidade pública do Tocantins. Sexo, idade gestacional ao nascer, peso, comprimento e perímetro cefálico ao nascer, durante a internação e na alta, ganho de peso diário, tempo de internação e tipo de dieta recebida foram analisados por meio dos testes de Mann-Whitney, Qui-quadrado, Exato de Fisher e t-Student, Mc Nemar, Wilcoxon e Friedman, a 5% de significância, no Statistical Package for Social Sciences 20.0. Resultados: houve predomínio do sexo masculino na amostra. A prevalência de crianças muito prematuras foi maior na unidade de cuidados convencionais (UcinCo), enquanto a prevalência de crianças com muito baixo peso ao nascer foi maior na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTIN). O tempo de internação foi menor na UcinCo, sendo este menos da metade do tempo de internação na UTIN. O peso à alta e o ganho de peso foram maiores na UTIN. Observou-se declínio do estado nutricional nas duas unidades. A utilização de fórmulas comerciais foi maior na UcinCo, enquanto predominou a oferta de leite humano na UTIN. Conclusão: independentemente do tipo de dieta recebida e da unidade de terapia, as crianças declinaram de estado nutricional durante a internação.

Introduction: gestational risk factors can culminate in neonatal prematurity, which is a major public health challenge worldwide, being one of the leading causes of neonatal deaths. Objective: to analyze a population of preterm infants admitted to neonatal units in relation to nutritional status and the food received. Methodology: retrospective observational design with 125 premature newborns from a public maternity in Tocantins. Gender, gestational age at birth, weight, length and head circumference at birth, during hospitalization and at discharge, daily weight gain, length of stay and type of diet received were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney, Chi-square, Fisher exact and Student t, Mc Nemar, Wilcoxon and Friedman tests, at 5% significance, in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences 20.0. Results: there was a predominance of males in the sample. The prevalence of very premature children was higher in the conventional care unit (CCU), while the prevalence of very low birth weight children was higher in the intensive care unit (ICU). Length of stay was shorter in the CCU, which was less than half of the length of stay in the ICU. Weight at discharge and weight gain were higher in the ICU. There was a decline in nutritional status in both units. The use of commercial formulas was higher in CCU, while the supply of human milk in the ICU predominated. Conclusion: regardless of the type of diet received and the therapy unit, the children declined their nutritional status during hospitalization.

Caregivers of older adults in palliative care: level of burden and depressive symptoms / Cuidadores de idosos em cuidados paliativos: nível de sobrecarga e sintomas depressivos

Abstract Introduction The burden perceived by informal caregivers of older adult cancer patients in palliative care is an incessant daily repetitiveness, and can negatively affect their physical and mental health, as well as their social and family life. Objective To assess the level of burden and the intensity of depressive symptoms in caregivers, and the dependence of the older adults for basic and instrumental activities of daily living. Methods This was a cross-sectional and descriptive study, composed of 20 caregivers and 20 older adults with cancer in palliative care. Caregivers and older adults were administered the socio-economic and demographic profile assessment. For the caregivers, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - IPAQ, the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used. For the older adults, the Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (Katz Index ADL) and the Lawton and Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scales (Lawton and Brody IADL scales) were used. Data were represented in absolute and percentage values. Results Caregivers were predominantly female, mostly daughters of the older adults, married or with a partner, with elementary school education, income of 1 to 3 times the minimum wage, and had a sedentary lifestyle. A moderate level of burden was verified in 75% of the caregivers, and mild to moderate depressive symptoms in 45%. The assessment of ADL in older adults found that 55% were independent in all six functions, with greater dependence (75%) in ADL for housekeeping such as laundry (85%) and driving vehicles (90%). Conclusion Caregivers of older adults cancer patients in palliative care show moderate level of burden, and mild to moderate depressive symptoms.

Resumo Introdução A sobrecarga vivenciada por cuidadores informais de idosos com câncer em cuidados paliativos em uma repetitividade diária incessante pode afetar negativamente a saúde física e mental, bem como a vida social e familiar do cuidador. Objetivo Avaliar o nível de sobrecarga e a intensidade de sintomas depressivos nos cuidadores e a dependência para as atividades básicas e instrumentais de vida diária dos idosos. Métodos Estudo transversal e descritivo, composto por 20 cuidadores e 20 idosos com câncer em cuidados paliativos. Os cuidadores e os idosos foram submetidos à avaliação do perfil socioeconômico e demográfico. Quanto à avaliação dos cuidadores, utilizaram-se o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física- IPAQ, a escala Zarit Burden Interview e o Inventário de Depressão de Beck. Para a avaliação dos idosos, o índice de Katz para as atividades básicas da vida diária (ABVD) e a escala de Lawton e Brody para atividades instrumentais de vida diária (AIVD). Os dados foram representados em valores absolutos e percentuais. Resultados Houve predomínio de cuidadores do sexo feminino, a maioria filha dos idosos, casadas ou com companheiro, com ensino fundamental I, renda de 1 a 3 salários mínimos e sedentárias, sendo constatado nível de sobrecarga moderado em 75% dos cuidadores e sintomas depressivos de leves a moderados em 45%. Quanto à avaliação das ABVD nos idosos, constatou-se que 55% eram independentes nas seis funções, com maior dependência (75%) em AIVD para trabalhos domésticos como lavar roupas (85%) e condução de veículos (90%). Conclusão Os cuidadores de idosos com câncer em cuidados paliativos apresentam nível de sobrecarga moderado e sintomas depressivos de leves a moderados.

Reflexões sobre a morte e o morrer / Reflections on death and dying

Resumo Este ensaio teórico tem por objetivo propor reflexões acerca da morte e do morrer sob o prisma de possíveis antagonismos, do adoecimento e das ocupações humanas envolvidas nesse processo. Os antagonismos são colocados em pauta obedecendo ao sentido de oposição mútua entre vida e morte, nascimento e morte, bem como entre sua previsão e sua negação. O adoecimento é discutido sob o prisma dos modelos dinâmico e ontológico de Laplantine, abrindo-se reflexões sobre o significado do adoecimento para o doente, muitas vezes expropriado de seu processo de morrer. Também aborda como a morte é impelida, atualmente, para os bastidores da vida social. Por último, são abordadas as ocupações da morte pautadas nos "princípios da boa morte", sob o olhar da terapia ocupacional, sendo discorridos os preparativos e os ritos fúnebres desenvolvidos pelo morrente, seu círculo social e pelos profissionais da saúde, religiosos, agentes fúnebres e funcionários de cemitérios. Depreendemos que a morte é um processo social.

Abstract This theoretical essay aims to propose reflections on death and dying through the prism of possible antagonisms, illness and human occupations involved in this process. The antagonisms are put up for discussion obeying the sense of mutual opposition between life and death, birth and death, as well as between their prediction and their negation. Illness is discussed from the perspective of Laplantine's dynamic and ontological models, opening up reflections on the meaning of illness for the patient, who is often expropriated from their dying process. It also addresses how death is currently pushed behind the scenes of social life. Finally, the occupations of death based on the "principles of good death" are approached from the perspective of occupational therapy, discussing funeral preparations and rites developed by the deceased, their social circle and by health professionals, religious people, funeral agents and cemetery workers. We understand that death is a social process.

Pulmonary hemorrhage in dengue: differential diagnosis with acute viral respiratory syndromes including COVID-19

ABSTRACT Clinical similarities among viral diseases become even more relevant considering the current scenario, especially in Brazil, where there is a high incidence of these diseases and overlapping seasonality. We report the case of a patient with acute clinical manifestations composed of predominant respiratory symptoms and alveolar hemorrhage in which three etiologies (dengue, influenza and COVID-19) were investigated concomitantly. Only the diagnosis of dengue was confirmed. Then, the patient's immunological profile in response to stimulation of mononuclear cells with dengue virus antigen was analyzed in an attempt to identify specific characteristics that could be associated with the clinical manifestation.

Ambulatório T da Atenção Primária à Saúde de Porto Alegre: política pública de inclusão e garantia de direito à saúde de pessoas trans / T Ambulatory of Primary Health Care of Porto Alegre: public policy of inclusion and guarantee of right to health of trans people / Ambulatorio T de Atención Primaria de Salud en Porto Alegre: política pública de inclusión y garantía del derecho a la salud de las personas trans

Resumo Devido ao estigma associado aos estereótipos negativos e à transfobia, os direitos humanos das pessoas trans são violados diariamente, fazendo com que sejam marginalizadas e excluídas dos serviços de saúde. O campo de estudo foi o Ambulatório Trans (Ambulatório T) da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) de Porto Alegre, que trabalha na lógica do reconhecimento das identidades trans, das demandas de saúde e da autonomia dos sujeitos. Neste artigo apresentamos os resultados parciais de um estudo que avalia a implantação do Ambulatório T. Fazem parte do estudo 269 pessoas trans na primeira etapa e 116 na segunda etapa. O Ambulatório T mostra que o acompanhamento de saúde, caracterizado pela não patologização das identidades trans, é fundamental para o Sistema Único de Saúde, no qual as barreiras de acesso podem ser minimizadas ou removidas para que seja possível cuidar da saúde de pessoas trans de forma integral na APS.

Abstract Due to the stigma associated with negative stereotypes and transphobia, the human rights of trans people are violated daily, causing them to be marginalized and excluded from health services. The field of study was the Trans Ambulatory (T Ambulatory) of Primary Health Care in Porto Alegre, which works in the logic of recognizing trans identities, health demands, and the autonomy of subjects. In this article, we will present the partial results of a study that evaluates the implementation of the T Ambulatory. The study includes 269 transgender people in the first stage and 116 in the second stage. The T Ambulatory shows that health monitoring, characterized by the non-pathologization of trans identities, is essential for the Unified Health System. The access barriers can be minimized or removed. And so that it is possible to take care of trans people's health integrally in primary health care.

Resumen Debido al estigma asociado a los estereotipos negativos y la transfobia, los derechos humanos de las personas trans son violados a diario, lo que las margina y excluye de los servicios de salud. El campo de estudio fue el Ambulatorio Trans (Ambulatorio T) de la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) de Porto Alegre, que trabaja en la lógica del reconocimiento de las identidades trans, las demandas de salud y la autonomía de los sujetos. En este artículo presentaremos los resultados parciales de un estudio que evalúa la implementación del Ambulatorio T. El estudio incluye a 269 personas trans en la primera etapa y 116 en la segunda etapa. El Ambulatorio T muestra que la vigilancia de la salud, caracterizada por la no patologización de las identidades trans, es fundamental para el Sistema Único de Salud, en el que se pueden minimizar o eliminar las barreras de acceso, y para que sea posible cuidar la salud de las personas trans integralmente en Atención Primaria de Salud.

Total Intravenous Anesthesia With Propofol Associated or Not With Remifentanil, Ketamine, or S-Ketamine for Laparoscopic Ovariectomy in Female Dogs.

Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) has been gaining ground in the routine of small animals. This study aimed to evaluate the hemodynamic effects produced by continuous infusion of propofol isolated or associated with ketamine, S-ketamine, or remifentanil in dogs submitted to video laparoscopic ovariectomy. Thirty-two female dogs were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 8): G,1 propofol (0.6 mg/kg/min); G2. ketamine (2 mg/kg followed by 100 µg/kg/min) and propofol (0.4 mg/kg/min); G3, S-ketamine (1 mg/kg followed by 50 µg/kg/min) and propofol (0.4 mg/kg/min); and G4, remifentanil (1 µg/kg followed by 0.2 µg/kg/min) and propofol (0.4 mg/kg/min). All dogs were submitted to the same pre-anesthetic protocol with acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg) and meperidine (4 mg/kg) intramuscularly, followed by anesthetic induction with propofol (4 mg/kg). All animals were mechanically ventilated. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f), SpO2, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures (SAP, DAP and MAP, respectively), EtCO2, cardiac output (CO), blood glucose and rectal temperature were evaluated in 7 time-points (M0-M7). HR increased throughout the anesthesia in all groups, except for G4, which showed inferior values. In all groups, EtCO2 increased from M1 to M7. SAP was higher in G1 in relation to G2 in M2 and M3, and G4 in all time points. G4 also obtained the lower values for DAP and MAP, although not inferior to 60 mmHg. CO was unchanged through time and among groups. No groups had hyperglycemia, although glucose levels varied with time. It was concluded that all TIVA protocols showed satisfactory results and hemodynamic stability.

Factors Associated with HIV and Vulnerability Contexts for Women in Brazil.

The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with HIV and vulnerability contexts for women in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The participants were 1326 women recruited by complex sampling design, divided into two groups: 640 women with HIV (WLH) and 686 women who did not have HIV (WNLH). Gross and weighted statistical analyses were performed. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for 12 variables. The main results demonstrated that WLH had lower income (p < .001) and poorer education (p = .038), and few used condoms during their first sexual intercourse (p < .001). The occurrence of HIV was higher among the black population (p < .001). Sex in exchange for money (p < .001) and sexually transmitted infections (p < .001) were more frequent among WLH than among WNLH. The age of sexual debut and age difference from the partner at first sexual intercourse (FSI) were not associated with the outcome. The high percentage of non-use of condoms during the FSI shows how vulnerable individuals are right at the beginning of their sexual lives. More effective prevention strategies can be developed by nurses in view of the contexts of vulnerability surrounding women.