Suplementação proteica de vacas leiteiras mantidas em pastagem de Tifton 85 durante o período de seca / Protein supplementation of dairy cows grazing Tifton 85 during the dry season

Concentrados com alta proteína bruta e minerais e com menor concentração de energia poderiam ser utilizados em menores quantidades no balanceamento de dietas com volumosos tropicais. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o consumo de matéria seca, a resposta produtiva e econômica de vacas da raça Girolando mantidas em pastagem de Tifton 85 durante o período de seca, as quais receberam diferentes concentrações de suplementação proteica. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas da raça Girolando em lactação, com produção de leite média inicial de 18,00±1,615kg/dia. Os animais foram distribuídos em três quadrados latinos (4x4), constituídos de quatro tratamentos e quatro períodos experimentais, com duração de 15 dias cada. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma dieta controle, apenas sal mineral e três níveis de suplementação proteica com 40; 50 e 60% de proteína bruta (PB) sendo fornecidas nas quantidades de 2,5kg/animal/dia. Observou-se que os fornecimentos de suplementos proteicos proporcionaram um efeito substitutivo da forragem em relação à suplementação mineral. O uso de suplementação concentrada com teor de 40% de proteína bruta foi mais eficiente em termos produtivos, econômicos e de produção de proteína bruta no leite.(AU)

Concentrates with high crude protein and minerals and lower energy concentration could be used in smaller quantities in balancing diets with tropical bulk. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dry matter intake, the productive and economical response of Girolando cows kept in Tifton 85 pasture during dry season receiving different concentrations of protein supplementation. Twelve lactating Girolando cows with initial mean milk yield of 18.00±1.615kg/day were used. The animals were distributed in three Latin squares (4x4), consisting of four treatments and four experimental periods, each lasting 15 days. The treatments were composed of control diet with only mineral salt, and three levels of protein supplementation with 40, 50, and 60% crude protein (CP) being supplied in the amounts of 2.5kg/animal/day. It was found that the protein supplement supplies provided a substitutive effect of forage relative to mineral supplementation. The use of concentrated supplementation with 40% crude protein content was more efficient in terms of production, production of crude protein in milk and economically.(AU)

Respostas produtivas, marginais e econômicas de vacas Girolando sob pastejo de Tifton 85 recebendo diferentes concentrados / Productive, marginal and economic responses of Girolando cows under grazing of Tifton 85 receiving different concentrates

A energia é considerada o nutriente mais limitante para produção de leite de vacas em pastagens, mas será que a suplementação deve ser energética? Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a resposta produtiva, marginal e econômica de vacas Girolandas mantidas em pastagem de Tifton 85 durante o período das águas, as quais receberam diferentes tipos de suplementação. O primeiro tratamento foi a suplementação mineral ad libitum; o segundo tratamento, o fornecimento de 1,0kg/dia de suplementação proteica; o terceiro e quarto tratamentos, o fornecimento de 2,0kg/dia de suplementação proteico-energética e 4,0kg/dia de suplementação energética, respectivamente. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas com produção de leite média de 15,0±1,99kg/dia. Os dados foram avaliados como três quadrados latinos 4 x 4 simultâneos ao nível de 5% de significância. O consumo de matéria seca de forragem não foi influenciado pelas suplementações (P>0,05). A maior produção de leite (P<0,05) foi observada com a suplementação energética, em média 14,73kg/dia, não diferente da produção com a suplementação proteico-energética, média de 13,84kg de leite/dia. Observaram-se respostas produtivas marginais de 1,03; 0,84 e 0,44kg de leite/kg de concentrado, para suplemento proteico, proteico-energético e energético, respectivamente, bem como saldo financeiro positivo para as suplementações proteica e proteico-energética em relação à suplementação mineral. A suplementação proteico-energética mostrou-se a mais eficiente.(AU)

Energy is considered the most limiting nutrient for the production of milk cows in pastures, but will that supplementation must be energy? The objective was to evaluate the productive, marginal and economic response of Girolando cows kept in Tifton 85 pasture during rain period receiving different types of supplementation. One treatment was mineral supplementation ad libitum, a second treatment providing 1.0kg/day of protein supplementation, and a third and fourth treatments providing 2.0kg/day of protein-energetic supplementation and 4.0kg/day of energy supplementation, respectively. Twelve cows were used with average milk production 15.0±1.99kg/day. The data were evaluated as three Latin squares 4 x 4 simultaneous to the 5% level of significance. The dry matter intake of forage not influenced by supplementation (P> 0.05). The higher milk production was observed with energetic supplementation on average 14.73kg of milk/day, no different of production obtained from protein-energy supplementation, average of 13.84kg of milk/day. Marginal productive response was observed, with responses of 1.03; 0.84 and 0.44kg milk/kg concentrate for proteic supplement, proteic-energetic, and energetic, respectively. Positive financial balance was found for protein and protein-energy supplements in relation to mineral supplementation. Protein-energy supplementation proved the most efficient.(AU)

Papain wound dressings obtained from poly(vinyl alcohol)/calcium alginate blends as new pharmaceutical dosage form: Preparation and preliminary evaluation.

Transparent, soft, flexible, mechanically resistant films, which are ideal for use as wound dressings were prepared in the presence of 2% papain, a proteolytic enzyme that can play a role in the chemical debridement of the skin and can accelerate the healing process. The films, based on poly(vinyl alcohol):calcium alginate blends with increasing concentrations of polysaccharide (10, 20, and 30% v/v), were obtained by casting method. FTIR and DSC analyses were performed to assess the composition and miscibility of blends. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elasticity modulus, and elongation at breakpoint were evaluated. The influence of different concentrations of calcium alginate on physical attributes of films like wettability, swelling capacity and mechanical properties was determined. The stability of papain in the films was assessed indirectly by hemolytic activity assay employing direct contact method and confirmed by technique based on blood agar diffusion. Preliminary cytotoxicity was evaluated with the XTT method. The results showed that at the polymer concentrations tested, the blends were miscible. The increase in the content of the calcium alginate increased the wettability and swelling capacity of the films, which is desirable in wound dressings. On the other hand, mechanical resistance decreased without causing breakage of the films during the swelling tests. The hemolytic activity of the films was maintained during the studied period, suggesting the stability of papain in the proposed formulations. Cellular viability indicated that the films were non-toxic. The analysis of the results showed that it is possible to prepare interactive and bioactive wound dressing containing papain from blends of PVA and calcium alginate polymers.

Short communication: Prediction of intake in dairy cows under tropical conditions.

A meta-analysis was conducted to develop a model for predicting dry matter intake (DMI) in dairy cows under the tropical conditions of Brazil and to assess its adequacy compared with 5 currently available DMI prediction models: Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC); National Research Council (NRC); Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS; version 6); and 2 other Brazilian models. The data set was created using 457 observations (n=1,655 cows) from 100 studies, and it was randomly divided into 2 subsets for statistical analysis. The first subset was used to develop a DMI prediction equation (60 studies; 309 treatment means) and the second subset was used to assess the adequacy of DMI predictive models (40 studies; 148 treatment means). The DMI prediction model proposed in the current study was developed using a nonlinear mixed model analysis after reparameterizing the NRC equation but including study as a random effect in the model. Body weight (mean = 540 ± 57.6 kg), 4% fat-corrected milk (mean = 21.3 ± 7.7 kg/d), and days in milk (mean = 110 ± 62 d) were used as independent variables in the model. The adequacy of the DMI prediction models was evaluated based on coefficient of determination, mean square prediction error (MSPE), root MSPE (RMSPE), and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). The observed DMI obtained from the data set used to evaluate the prediction models averaged 17.6 ± 3.2 kg/d. The following model was proposed: DMI (kg/d) = [0.4762 (± 0.0358) × 4% fat-corrected milk + 0.07219 (± 0.00605) × body weight(0.75)] × (1 - e(-0.03202 (± 0.00615) × [days in milk + 24.9576 (± 5.909)])). This model explained 93.0% of the variation in DMI, predicting it with the lowest mean bias (0.11 kg/d) and RMSPE (4.9% of the observed DMI) and the highest precision [correlation coefficient estimate (ρ) = 0.97] and accuracy [bias correction factor (Cb)=0.99]. The NRC model prediction equation explained 92.0% of the variation in DMI and had the second lowest mean bias (0.42 kg/d) and RMSPE (5.8% of the observed DMI), as well as the second highest precision (ρ = 0.94) and accuracy (Cb = 0.98). The CNCPS and AFRC DMI prediction models explained 93.0 and 85.0% of the variation in DMI but underpredicted DMI by 1.8 and 1.4 kg/d, respectively. These 2 models (CNCPS and AFRC) resulted, respectively, in RMSPE of 11.3 and 10.7% of the observed DMI, with moderate to high precision (ρ = 0.81 and 0.82) and accuracy (Cb = 0.84 and 0.89). The remaining 2 models resulted in the poorest results, underpredicting DMI by 2.3 and 1.9 kg/d, with RMSPE of 22.8 and 14.9% of the observed DMI and moderate to low precision (ρ = 0.49 and 0.76) and accuracy (Cb = 0.81 and 0.86). The new model derived from the current meta-analytical approach provided the best accuracy and precision for predicting DMI in lactating dairy cows under Brazilian conditions.

Teores proteicos em dietas para vacas Holandesas leiteiras em confinamento / Protein contents in the diet of holstein milking cows in a tie stall

Avaliou-se o efeito de dietas com níveis de proteína bruta ‒ PB (10, 12, 14 e 16% na matéria seca ‒ MS) em vacas Holandesas mestiças com produção de leite médio (PL) de 13kg/dia. Utilizou-se silagem de milho como volumoso, e a relação volumoso:concentrado foi de 75:25. Houve aumento linear para o consumo de todos os componentes da dieta, exceto para o consumo de carboidratos totais e carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), que reduziram linearmente. O consumo dos nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) apresentou comportamento quadrático, com valor máximo estimado de 10,13kg/dia, na dose de 15,62% de PB na dieta. As digestibilidades de PB, EE, FDN e FDNcp aumentaram linearmente. Já os valores de digestibilidade de MS, MO, CNF e NDT apresentaram efeito quadrático, estimando-se ponto de máximo de 65,09; 67,23; 78,35 e 67,92 nas doses de 15,39; 15,22; 15,62 e 15,68% de PB, respectivamente. A PL, sem e com correção para 3,5% de gordura, a variação de peso corporal e a composição do leite aumentaram linearmente, exceto para lactose, que não apresentou efeito. O nível de 14% de PB na dieta é o mais indicado para alimentação de vacas com produção média de 13kg/dia de leite.

The effect of diets with crude protein ‒ CP (10, 12, 14 and 16% in dry matter ‒ DM) levels in crossbred Holstein cows with milk production (MP) of 13 kg/day were evaluated. The feed consisted of 75% corn silage and 25% concentrate. There was a linear increase in the intake of all components of the diet, except for total carbohydrates and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), which decreased linearly. The intake of total digestible nutrients (TDN) presented a quadratic effect, with maximum estimated value of 10.13kg/day at a level of 15.62% of CP in the diet. The digestibility of CP, EE, neutral detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein increased linearly. However, the digestibility values for DM, OM, NFC and TDN presented a quadratic effect, with maximum estimated values of 65.09, 67.23, 78.35 and 67.92 at levels of 15.39, 15.22, 12.62 and 15.68% CP, respectively. The MP, without and with a correction to 3.5% fat, body weight variation and composition of the milk increased linearly, except for lactose which had no effect. The level of 14% CP in the diet is more suitable for feeding cows with average milk production of 13kg/day.

Efeito do pH in vitro sobre a resistência de bactérias do rúmen à perda de potássio intracelular e efeito do pH e de ionóforos sobre a produção de amônia e proteína microbiana / In vitro effect of pH on resistance of ruminal bacteria to intracellular potassium depletion, and effect of pH and ionophores on ammonia and microbial protein production

Em dois estudos, o líquido ruminal de bovinos mantidos sob pastagem foi usado para incubação in vitro em diferentes meios artificiais com valores de pH 5,5 e 7,0, para avaliar a ação de níveis crescentes de monensina na resistência à perda de potássio de bactérias do rúmen e verificar o efeito de monensina e lasalocida na produção de amônia e de proteína microbiana em pH 5,5 e 7,0. O meio utilizado para determinar a perda de potássio interferiu nos valores absolutos de potássio. A concentração de monensina necessária para causar a metade da perda máxima de potássio foi de 2,77µM em pH 5,5 e 0,056µM em pH 7,0, evidenciando que as bactérias incubadas em meios com pH 5,5 foram mais resistentes à monensina que aquelas incubadas em meios com pH 7,0. Os ionóforos e a acidez do meio reduziram a produção de amônia, e não se observou interação entre eles. Os ionóforos, independente do pH, inibiram a produção de amônia em 56%. A acidez inibiu a produção de amônia em 50,5%, independente do ionóforo. Os efeitos dos ionóforos e da acidez foram aditivos quando a inibição máxima ocorreu pelo uso de ionóforos com pH baixo (75,2%). A produção de proteína microbiana foi menor quando a lasalocida estava presente no meio de cultura com baixo valor de pH.

Efeito do pH in vitro sobre a resistência de bactérias do rúmen à perda de potássio intracelular e efeito do pH e de ionóforos sobre a produção de amônia e proteína microbiana / In vitro effect of pH on resistance of ruminal bacteria to intracellular potassium depletion, and effect of pH and ionophores on ammonia and microbial protein production

Em dois estudos, o líquido ruminal de bovinos mantidos sob pastagem foi usado para incubação in vitro em diferentes meios artificiais com valores de pH 5,5 e 7,0, para avaliar a ação de níveis crescentes de monensina na resistência à perda de potássio de bactérias do rúmen e verificar o efeito de monensina e lasalocida na produção de amônia e de proteína microbiana em pH 5,5 e 7,0. O meio utilizado para determinar a perda de potássio interferiu nos valores absolutos de potássio. A concentração de monensina necessária para causar a metade da perda máxima de potássio foi de 2,77µM em pH 5,5 e 0,056µM em pH 7,0, evidenciando que as bactérias incubadas em meios com pH 5,5 foram mais resistentes à monensina que aquelas incubadas em meios com pH 7,0. Os ionóforos e a acidez do meio reduziram a produção de amônia, e não se observou interação entre eles. Os ionóforos, independente do pH, inibiram a produção de amônia em 56%. A acidez inibiu a produção de amônia em 50,5%, independente do ionóforo. Os efeitos dos ionóforos e da acidez foram aditivos quando a inibição máxima ocorreu pelo uso de ionóforos com pH baixo (75,2%). A produção de proteína microbiana foi menor quando a lasalocida estava presente no meio de cultura com baixo valor de pH.

Ruminal fluid from steers fed on pasture was incubated with artificial media at pH 5.5 and 7.0 in two experiments. In the first, the effect of monensin level on resistance of ruminal bacteria to potassium depletion was evaluated; in the second, effects of the ionophores monensin and lasalocid on ammonia and protein production were quantified. In experiment 1, culture media affected potassium level. The monensin concentration needed to cause half maximal potassium depletion was 2.77µM at pH 5.5 but was 0.056µM at pH 7.0, showing that bacteria incubated at pH 5.5 were more tolerant to monensin than those incubated at pH 7.0. Both ionophores as well as increased acidity caused decreased ammonia production. Both ionophores inhibited ammonia production by 56%, independently of pH. In cultures incubated at pH 5.5 compared to pH 7.0, ammonia production was decreased by 50.5%, independently of the ionophores. Therefore, effects of ionophores and acidity were additive, and the maximum inhibition occurred in the presence of an ionophore at low pH (75.2%). Microbial protein production was lowest when lasalocid was present in a low pH culture medium, causing inhibition of microbial growth.

[Water-quality of Westbrabantse dental units and the effect of flushing]. / Waterkwaliteit van Westbrabantse tandheelkundige units en het effect van doorspoelen.

Dutch literature is not very clear about whether or not the effluent water/spray of handpieces of dental units meets the Dutch standards of potable water (< 200 CFU/ml and no pathogens). To improve the quality of dental unit water, flushing or purging the waterlines is recommended. In this study the quality of the effluent water/spray of 9 dental units was measured at the beginning of the day before and after 2 minutes flushing (sample size 25 ml) and the end of the day before and after 20 seconds flushing (sample size 5 ml). All units easily met the potable water standards after 2 minutes flushing, but after 20 seconds the effect was less impressive. The overall larger number of bacteria found after 20 seconds flushing can be explained as a matter of chance, whether or not a by turbulence loosened part of the biofilm has entered the small sample taken.

Toxoplasmose: ocorrência de anticorpos antitoxoplasma gondii e diagnóstico / Toxoplasmosis: occurrence of antibodies antitoxoplama gondii and diagnosis

A toxoplasmose é uma zoonose de ampla distribuiçäo geográfica, sendo uma infecçäo oportunista, principalmente em pacientes com Aids. A incidência dos anticorpos séricos, antiToxoplasma gondii, é variável, sendo crescente com os diferentes grupos etários. Os métodos laboratoriais para o diagnóstico desta doença incluem o exame da espécie patógena e os testes imunológicos. Embora os testes sorológicos tenham suas limitações, säo ainda os mais utilizados nos laboratórios de análises clínicas. Na melhoria do diagnóstico da toxoplasmose congênita e em pacientes com AIDS, tem-se empregado, alternativamente, a reaçäo em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) e Nested-PCR. OBJETIVOS: Enfocar a ocorrência de toxoplasmose, considerando-se as diferentes técnicas e formas de interpretaçäo nos exames sorológicos. MÉTODOS: No presente trabalho, avaliamos os anticorpos (Ac) antiToxoplasma gondii de 2.994 pacientes atendidos no Laboratório do Hospital Universitário (LAC-HU), da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, no período de 28 de fevereiro de 1996 a 28 de julho de 1998. Essa avaliaçäo foi realizada através da utilizaçäo da reaçäo de Imunofluorescência Indireta (IFI) e confirmada pelo método do ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA). RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram que 41,91 por cento desses pacientes possuíam Ac antiToxoplasma gondii, sendo que 0,87 por cento possuíam IgM, em diferentes títulos, estando ou näo desenvolvendo a fase aguda da doença. Este estudo vem demonstrar que a prevalência de toxoplasmose em nosso meio é relativamente alta e que para a identificaçäo do processo agudo da doença, a rotina sorológica pode ser enriquecida de técnicas mais sensíveis e específicas, que permitam a evidenciaçäo do microrganismo, contribuindo para o melhor diagnóstico

[Toxoplasmosis: occurrence of antibodies antitoxoplasma gondii and diagnosis]. / Toxoplasmose: ocorrência de anticorpos antitoxoplasma gondii e diagnóstico.

UNLABELLED: Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis of broad geographic distribution, being an opportunist infection mainly in AIDS patients. The incidence of serum antibodies of the type anti-Toxoplasma gondii is variable and growing according the different age groups. The laboratory test for the diagnostic of this disease, include the exam of the pathologic species as well as immunologic tests. Although the serum tests have limitations, they are still utilized in the Clinical Analysis laboratories. To improve the congenital toxoplasmosis diagnosis in AIDS patients, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Nested-PCR have been utilized alternatively. PURPOSES: To focus the occurrence of toxoplasmosis, considering the different techniques and shapes of point of views in the serological analysis. METHODS: The antibodies (Ac) anti-Toxoplasma gondii of 2994 patients from the Santa Catarina Federal University Hospital, in the period from February 28, 1996 to July 28, 1998 were evaluated. This evaluation was accomplished by the Immunofluorescency Indirect reaction, which was confirmed by the ELISA method. RESULTS: The results showed that 41.91% of the patients had the antibodies anti-Toxoplasma gondii. From this total we concluded that 0.87% of these patients had the IgM in different titles which can be or not classified in the acute phase of the disease. This study demonstrates that the incidence of toxoplasmosis in our orment is relatively high. It shows too that in the identification of the acute process of the disease, the serologic tests can be added to a more sensible and specific techniques that allows the evidentiation of the microorganism thus contributing to a better diagnosis.

Tachykinin NK(3)receptor involvement in anxiety.

This study investigates the effects of intracerebroventricular injection of selective agonists and antagonists of tachykinin NK(3)receptor on performance of mice in the elevated plus-maze test. Mice were treated with either vehicle or 1, 10, 100 or 500 pmol of neurokinin B or senktide ([succinil-Asp(6), MePhe(8)]substance P(6-11), a natural and synthetic selective NK(3)receptor agonists, respectively. Other mice received similar doses of [Trp(7)beta-Ala(8)]NKA(4-10)or SR 142801 ((S)-N-(1-(3-(1-benzoyl-3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-piperidin-3-yl)propyl)-4-phenyl-piperidin- 4-yl)-N-m ethylacetamide) tachykinin NK(3)receptor selective peptide and non-peptide antagonists, respectively. Senktide significantly increased the frequency of entries and the time spent in the open arms, which is compatible with an anxiolytic action. Neurokinin B treatment did not alter the plus-maze parameters in a significant way. Conversely, the NK(3)peptide antagonist [Trp(7)beta-Ala(8)]NKA(4-10), but not SR142801 non-peptide antagonist, showed a reverse effect, i.e. an anxiogenic profile of action, reducing the frequency and the time spent in the open arms. Co-injection of either senktide plus [Trp(7)beta-Ala(8)]NKA((4-10)), or senktide plus SR 142801, blocked the effects promoted by senktide, indicating that centrally-administered NK(3)receptor agonists and antagonists can modulate experimental anxiety.

Effects of central administration of tachykinin receptor agonists and antagonists on plus-maze behavior in mice.

This study assessed the effects of intracerebroventricular administration of selective agonists and antagonists for tachykinin NK1 and NK2 receptors on performance of mice in the elevated plus-maze, an ethological model of anxiety. Mice were treated with either vehicle (5 microliters) or 1, 10, 100 or 500 pmol of substance P, neurokinin A, the selective NK1 receptor agonist substance P methyl ester, or the selective NK2 receptor agonist, [beta-Ala8]neurokinin A-(4-10). Other mice received similar doses of FK 888, i.e., N2-[(4R)-4-hydroxy-1-(1-methyl-1 H-indol-3-y)carbonyl-L-prolyl]-N-methyl-N-phenylmethyl-3-(2-naphthyl)-L- alaninamide, or SR 48968, i.e., (S)-N-methyl-(N-[4-acetylamine-4-phenylpiperidine)-2-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)buthyl]benzamide, selective antagonists of tachykinin NK1 and NK2 receptors, respectively. Injections of substance P, neurokinin A, substance P methyl ester or [beta-Ala8]neurokinin A-(4-10) significantly reduced the frequency of open arm entries, and [beta-Ala8]neurokinin A-(4-10) also enhanced the percentage of entries into enclosed arms. Conversely, the NK1 antagonist FK 888 and the NK2 antagonist SR 48968 each increased the time spent in the open arms, and SR 48968 also increased the frequency of entries into the open arms. None of the tachykinin receptor agonists or antagonists modified motor performance and coordination on the rotarod apparatus or ambulation in an activity cage. Together, these results suggest that centrally administered NK1 and NK2 receptor agonists and antagonists can modulate anxiety, as evaluated in the elevated plus-maze test in mice. Stimulation of either tachykinin NK1 or NK2 receptors induces anxiogenic-like responses, whereas the reverse occurs following their blockade. The anxiolytic-like profiles of action of both tachykinin NK1 and NK2 receptor antagonists suggest that central tachykinin mechanisms are tonically involved in the modulation of anxiety.