Physical exercise for children and adolescents with epilepsy: What have we learned?

PURPOSE: Although clinical and experimental studies have extensively evidenced the positive effect of physical exercise on epilepsy, these benefits in children and adolescents with epilepsy have been less investigated. We explored the published literature evaluating the impact of long-term exercise programmes on seizure frequency and quality of life in children/adolescents with epilepsy. METHODS: A scoping review of the literature was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidance with suitable search terms. A comprehensive search of PubMed, PEDro, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar and SPORTDiscus with Full Text (EBSCO) was performed from March to April 2023. A methodological quality assessment was completed for the included studies. The included studies were analysed qualitatively to identify key themes and provide a narrative description of the evidence by two reviewers. RESULTS: Of 1,316 papers screened, 13 studies were selected for full reading. Only six studies evaluated the seizure frequency and quality of life in children and adolescents with epilepsy after a long-term exercise programme. Two studies observed positive findings in seizure frequency and three in quality of life. No study was classified with strong methodological quality. Three studies presented good quality 78-61%, one study presented adequate quality 57%, and two studies presented poor methodological quality (39% and 43%). CONCLUSIONS: Our review highlights a limited number of investigations evaluating the long-term effect of exercise in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Longitudinal investigations with good methodological quality may be performed to examine the effectiveness of exercise in this population.

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF PHARMACY COURSE STUDENTS IN TWO TEACHING MODELS: TRADITIONAL AND ACTIVE / RENDIMIENTO ACADÉMICO DE ESTUDIANTES DEL CURSO DE FARMACIA EN DOS MODELOS DE ENSEÑANZA: TRADICIONAL Y ACTIVO / DESEMPENHO ACADÊMICO DE ESTUDANTES DO CURSO DE FARMÁCIA EM DOIS MODELOS DE ENSINO: TRADICIONAL E ATIVO

The National Curriculum Guidelines of the Pharmacy Undergraduation Course are structured by the development of competences in the teaching-learning process. This study brings as a guiding question which learning methodology contributes to better academic rates and better student performance? This exploratory study, with a quantitative approach and with a documentary design, compiled information about the academic indexes of students in the Pharmacy course at XXX, from 2015 to 2019, in the two learning models: active (AL) and traditional (TL) . A total of 357 undergraduates were documented, with 115 students completing their training in AL and 242 in TL, with a predominance of women (76.19%), aged between 20 and 30 years (64.43%). In terms of completion time, AL students had a shorter completion time, while TL students had better individual performance indices (p<0.002), and the course average (CA) of both models above 7 points. Regarding the academic indicators per course, the retention rates were AL (4.8%) and TL (15.5%), AL (13.1%), and TL (5.48%) dropout rates, AL (44.44%) and TL success rates (50.65%). Regarding the performance of students in the ENADE, both for general and specific training, AL and TL had averages higher than the national average, with concept 4 for both learning models. More detailed studies are needed to support the pedagogical and administrative management of Pharmacy courses offered in public undergraduate education institutions.

Las Directrices Curriculares Nacionales de la Carrera de Graduación en Farmacia están estructuradas por el desarrollo de competencias en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Este estudio trae como pregunta orientadora ¿qué metodología de aprendizaje contribuye a mejores índices académicos y mejor desempeño de los estudiantes? Este estudio exploratorio, con enfoque cuantitativo y con diseño documental, recopiló información sobre los índices académicos de los estudiantes de la carrera de Farmacia de la XXX, de 2015 a 2019, en los dos modelos de aprendizaje: activo (AL) y tradicional (TL) . Se documentaron un total de 357 estudiantes de pregrado, con 115 estudiantes completando su formación en AL y 242 en TL, con predominio de mujeres (76,19%), con edades entre 20 y 30 años (64,43%). En cuanto al tiempo de finalización, los alumnos de AL tuvieron un tiempo de finalización más corto, mientras que los alumnos de TL tuvieron mejores índices de desempeño individual (p<0.002), y el promedio del curso (CA) de ambos modelos por encima de los 7 puntos. En cuanto a los indicadores académicos por curso, las tasas de retención fueron AL (4,8%) y TL (15,5%), AL (13,1%) y TL (5,48%), tasas de deserción, AL (44,44%) y TL tasas de éxito (50,65%). ). En cuanto al desempeño de los estudiantes en la ENADE, tanto para formación general como específica, AL y TL tuvieron promedios superiores a la media nacional, con concepto 4 para ambos modelos de aprendizaje. Son necesarios estudios más detallados que apoyen la gestión pedagógica y administrativa de las carreras de Farmacia que se ofrecen en las instituciones públicas de educación de pregrado.

As Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN's) do Curso de Graduação Farmácia estão estruturadas pelo desenvolvimento de competências no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Este estudo traz como questão norteadora qual metodologia de ensino contribui para melhores índices acadêmicos e melhor desempenho estudantil? Este estudo de caráter exploratório, de abordagem quantitativa e com delineamento documental compilou informações acerca dos índices acadêmicos dos estudantes do curso de Farmácia da XXX, no período de 2015 a 2019, nos dois modelos de ensino: ativo (MA) e tradicional (MT). Foram documentados 357 concludentes, sendo 115 estudantes concluíram sua formação em MA e 242 em MT, com predominância do sexo feminino (76,19%), faixa etária entre 20 e 30 anos (64,43%). No quesito tempo de conclusão, estudantes em MA apresentaram menor tempo de conclusão, ao passo que estudantes do MT obtiveram melhores índices de desempenho individual (p<0,002), e a média de curso (MC) de ambos modelos acima de 7. Em relação aos indicadores acadêmicos por curso, as taxas de retenção foram MA (4,8%) e MT (15,5%), taxas de evasão MA (13,1%), e MT (5,48%), taxas de sucesso MA (44,44%) e MT (50,65%). Em relação ao desempenho dos estudantes no ENADE, tanto para formação geral quanto específica, MA e MT apresentaram médias superiores à média nacional, com conceito 4 para ambos modelos de ensino. São necessários estudos mais detalhados para subsidiar gerenciamento pedagógico e administrativo dos cursos de Farmácia ofertados nas instituições de ensino superior públicas.

A pilot randomized controlled clinical trial of dance practice for functionality in autistic children and adolescent with all levels of need support.

OBJECTIVE: This study addressed dance practice intertwining communication, functional independence and social behavior in autistic children and adolescents with all levels of need support. DESIGN: A pilot randomized clinical trial with seventy-two participants between 8 and 15 years old were assessed for eligibility. SETTING: Theater rehearsal room and mental health clinic. INTERVENTIONS: Dance group (n = 17) or control group (n = 19), 24 sessions, once a week, lasting 40 min. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), Autistic Screening Questionnaire (ASQ), Childhood Autism Rate Scale (CARS), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS, version 2.0, to assess mothers' functioning) were applied at two time points: baseline and end-point. RESULTS: Differences between dance and control groups were significant at post-intervention for communication (mean difference: 1.31; 99.8%CI: 0.29, 2.32, p < 0.001, d = 0.93); social cognition (mean difference: 1.01; 99.8%CI: 0.13, 1.89, p < 0.001, d = 0.82); autistic behavior (mean difference: 11.82; 99.8%CI: 17.33, -6.31, p < 0.001, d = 1.45). CONCLUSIONS: In this preliminary study, the findings provide ways of communication and social interaction through dance practice by autistic children and adolescents with all levels of support needs. Research on neurodiversity is needed to understand its feasibility and the lifestyle appropriation.

Neurologists' knowledge of and attitudes toward physical exercise for people with epilepsy in Latin America.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the favorable effects of exercise in people with epilepsy (PWE), the lower participation in physical/sports activities may be partly due to inadequate knowledge and attitudes of health professional about their benefits. In this regard, in 2016, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) through its Task Force on Sports and Epilepsy published a consensus paper that provided general guidance concerning participation in exercise/sport activities for PWE. We investigated views and attitudes toward physical exercise practice among neurologists in Latin America. METHODS: A 22-item cross-sectional online questionnaire-based study among neurologists included the following: (1) profile of participating neurologists, (2) doctors' attitudes and perceptions about physical/sport activities for PWE, and (3) neurologist experience concerning patient's report about their involvement in physical/sport activities. RESULTS: In total, 215 of 519 neurologists from 16 different countries returned the questionnaire. Although about one-third of neurologists had no information about the effect of exercise on epilepsy, and 60% of them did not know the published recommendations of the ILAE Task Force on Sports and Epilepsy, the majority (92.5%) advised the practice of exercise, were aware of sport activities for their patients and agreed that exercise can reduce comorbidities associated with epilepsy (X2 = 249.34; p < 0.001). Most of the neurologists did not believe that exercise is a seizure-inducing factor, but more than half would restrict their patients with uncontrolled seizures for exercise practice (X2 = 250.77; p < 0.001). Most barriers considered by PWE in the past, currently are not viewed by neurologists and their patients (X2 = 249.34; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: While this study reveals that neurologists have some knowledge gaps in attitudes toward physical exercise for PWE, encouraging attitudes were observed by neurologists. Considering that physicians can impact on patient confidence and decision, a better communication between neurologists and their patients concerning the benefits of exercise can increase PWE participation in physical/sports activities. To improve this scenario, more efforts should be made to increase the neurologists' knowledge and perceptions on this issue.

Dance, functioning and quality of life in children with Down syndrome and autism spectrum disorder dance, functioning and quality of life in Down syndrome and autism spectrum disorder.

This study investigated dance practice in psychosocial and functional aspects, and quality of life in children with Down syndrome and autism spectrum disorder. Children with DS and ASD, between 3 and 12 years old, attended a dance program during 16 sessions/lessons, lasting 60 min, twice a week, in suitable place. Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Childhood Autism Rating Scale SF-36 quality of life survey, and Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Inquiry (KAP Inquiry) were applied before and after dance classes. Eleven participants concluded the study. Functional independence changes were observed in relation to self-care, sphincter control, locomotion, and communication domains. Children' "quality of life" reported by parents showed changes in functional capacity, vitality, mental health, physical and social aspects, and general state of health domains. These findings suggest that regular dance practice can underlie psychosocial adjustments in children with DS and ASD.

The Potential Role of Previous Physical Exercise Program to Reduce Seizure Susceptibility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies.

Background: Clinical and pre-clinical studies indicate a reduction in seizure frequency as well as a decrease in susceptibility to subsequently evoked seizures after physical exercise programs. In contrast to the influence of exercise after epilepsy previously established, various studies have been conducted attempting to investigate whether physical activity reduces brain susceptibility to seizures or prevents epilepsy. We report a systematic review and meta-analysis of different animal models that addressed the impact of previous physical exercise programs to reduce seizure susceptibility. Methods: We included animal model (rats and mice) studies before brain insult that reported physical exercise programs compared with other interventions (sham, control, or naïve). We excluded studies that investigated animal models after brain insult, associated with supplement nutrition or drugs, that did not address epilepsy or seizure susceptibility, ex vivo studies, in vitro studies, studies in humans, or in silico studies. Electronic searches were performed in the MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, PsycINFO, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) databases, and gray literature, without restrictions to the year or language of publication. We used SYRCLE's risk of bias tool and CAMARADES checklist for study quality. We performed a synthesis of results for different types of exercise and susceptibility to seizures by random-effects meta-analysis. Results: Fifteen studies were included in the final analysis (543 animals), 13 of them used male animals, and Wistar rats were the most commonly studied species used in the studies (355 animals). The chemoconvulsants used in the selected studies were pentylenetetrazol, penicillin, kainic acid, pilocarpine, and homocysteine. We assessed the impact of study design characteristics and the reporting of mitigations to reduce the risk of bias. We calculated a standardized mean difference effect size for each comparison and performed a random-effects meta-analysis. The meta-analysis included behavioral analysis (latency to seizure onset, n = 6 and intensity of motor signals, n = 3) and electrophysiological analysis (spikes/min, n = 4, and amplitude, n = 6). The overall effect size observed in physical exercise compared to controls for latency to seizure onset was -130.98 [95% CI: -203.47, -58.49] (seconds) and the intensity of motor signals was -0.40 [95% CI: -1.19, 0.40] (on a scale from 0 to 5). The largest effects were observed in electrophysiological analysis for spikes/min with -26.96 [95% CI: -39.56, -14.36], and for spike amplitude (µV) with -282.64 [95% CI: -466.81, -98.47]. Discussion: Limitations of evidence. A higher number of animal models should be employed for analyzing the influence of exerciseon seizure susceptibility. The high heterogeneity in our meta-analysis is attributable to various factors, including the number of animals used in each study and the limited number of similar studies. Interpretation. Studies selected in this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that previous physical exercise programs can reduce some of the main features related to seizure susceptibility [latency seizure onset, spikes/min, and spike amplitude (µV)] induced by the administration of different chemoconvulsants. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO, identifier CRD42021251949; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=251949.

Dance promotes positive benefits for negative symptoms in autism spectrum disorder (ASD): A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized as a neurodevelopmental disorder with stereotyped and repetitive behaviors. Dance practice can elicit esthesia to stimulate the communication process through the notion of the phenomenal body that is recognized in an expressive and symbolic space. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review to identify how dance promotes positive benefits for the negative symptoms in ASD. METHOD: We formulated the research question based on PICO: "What is the influence of dance on negative symptoms in individuals with autism spectrum disorder?". Databases were searched in March 2019 and included PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, PsycInfo and Web of Science. RESULTS: We identified 9,350 studies of which five were selected for our review (a total of 266 individuals). All included studies showed an influence of dance on negative symptoms, including empathy, emotional expression, body awareness, behavior, and psychological wellbeing that impact on social reciprocity, and consequently the communication process, in ASD. CONCLUSIONS: Dance practice may contribute to body awareness and social involvement using techniques that provide mirroring, synchronization, rhythm, and reciprocity in adults with normal to high-functioning ASD.

The Contribution of Physical Exercise to Brain Resilience.

Increasing attention has been given to understanding resilience to brain diseases, often described as brain or cognitive reserve. Among the protective factors for the development of resilience, physical activity/exercise has been considered to play an important role. Exercise is known to induce many positive effects on the brain. As such, exercise represents an important tool to influence neurodevelopment and shape the adult brain to react to life's challenges. Among many beneficial effects, exercise intervention has been associated with cognitive improvement and stress resilience in humans and animal models. Thus, a growing number of studies have demonstrated that exercise not only recovers or minimizes cognitive deficits by inducing better neuroplasticity and cognitive reserve but also counteracts brain pathology. This is evidenced before disease onset or after it has been established. In this review, we aimed to present encouraging data from current clinical and pre-clinical neuroscience research and discuss the possible biological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical exercise on resilience. We consider the implication of physical exercise for resilience from brain development to aging and for some neurological diseases. Overall, the literature indicates that brain/cognitive reserve built up by regular exercise in several stages of life, prepares the brain to be more resilient to cognitive impairment and consequently to brain pathology.

Effect of dance on lower-limb range of motion in young people with cerebral palsy: a blinded randomized controlled clinical trial.

PURPOSE: One of the most limiting conditions in cerebral palsy (CP) is the impairment in musculoskeletal mobility. CP may impair the ability to perform efficient movements. The aim of this trial was to investigate the effect of dance on the range of motion (ROM) of lower limbs in young people with CP. PATIENTS AND METHODS: the randomized clinical trial consisted of two groups: dance group (DG) and control group (CG). Both of them underwent a 1-hour treatment, twice a week, for 2 months. Sanny® pendulum fleximeter was used to measure ROM in pre- and posttreatment. The applied procedures in both groups were conducted at suitable locations. Twenty-six participants were allocated to these two groups of study. RESULTS: In DG, the sampling variances showed improvements in all lower limb joints and axes of movements (P<0.05). In CG, there was increase in passive ROM in some lower limb joints (P≤0.05). CONCLUSION: Physical intervention is imperative to improve ROM. It seems dance practice can contribute to CP corporal mobility in a positive way. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Nº CAAE-06154012.4.0000.0058-12, number 98.993.

Dance for neuroplasticity: A descriptive systematic review.

We conducted a systematic review of randomized clinical trials to investigate whether dance practice promotes neuroplasticity. We also determined how dancing is able to alter (1) brain volumes and structures (2) brain function, (3) psychomotor adjustment and (4) levels of neurotrophic factors. This systematic review formulated a research question based on PICO, according to the guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyzes (PRISMA), "What is the influence of dance practice on neuroplasticity in already mature brains?" We screened 1071 studies and from these eight studies were included in the review. Of the selected studies, all demonstrated positive structural and/or functional changes. Structural changes included increased hippocampal volume, gray matter volume in the left precentral and parahippocampal gyrus, and white matter integrity. Functional changes included alterations in cognitive function such as significant improvement in memory, attention, body balance, psychosocial parameters and altered peripheral neurotrophic factor. Based on the evidence, dance practice integrates brain areas to improve neuroplasticity.

Dance Improves Functionality and Psychosocial Adjustment in Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVE: This randomized controlled clinical trial aimed to investigate the effect of dance in the functionality and psychosocial adjustment of young subjects with cerebral palsy (CP). DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty-six young subjects with CP, GMFCS (Gross Motor Function Classification System) levels from II to V, were randomized into two intervention groups: kinesiotherapy and dance (n = 13 each). Twenty-four sessions (1 hour, twice a week) were performed in both groups. Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) by International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) were used before and after each intervention. RESULTS: Dance increased the classification of functioning (P = 0.001), independence function (P = 0.004), self-care (P = 0.01), mobility (P = 0.008), locomotion (P = 0.01), communication (P = 0.02), psychosocial adjustments (P = 0.04), and cognitive function (P = 0.03). Intergroup analysis evidenced significantly greater improvements in classification of functioning (P = 0.0002), independence function (P = 0.0006), self-care (P = 0.01), mobility (P = 0.001), locomotion (P = 0.002), communication (P = 0.0001), psychosocial adjustments (P = 0.002), and cognitive function (P = 0.0001) in dance group. CONCLUSIONS: It was shown that this approach could have an influence on basic common points in the body and motion, including emotional and social aspects, supporting the concept of complex multimodal psychomotor adjustments. Dance promoted enhancement on functionality and social activities regarding psychosocial adjustments in cerebral palsy young subjects.

Dançaterapia no autismo: um estudo de caso / La danzaterapia para el autismo: estudio experimental / Dance therapy in autism: a case report

O autismo é uma das desordens neurológicas mais comuns que afetam o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor de crianças. Intervenções terapêuticas podem intervir nos transtornos de comunicação e nos comportamentos estereotipados, desse modo a dança, como terapia, pode ativar vias sensoriais que viabilizam o aprimoramento do gesto. Este estudo visou observar os efeitos da dançaterapia no desempenho motor e gestual, no equilíbrio corporal e na marcha, bem como na qualidade de vida de um adolescente com autismo. Trata-se de um estudo de caso de um jovem com 15 anos de idade, que participou de 120 sessões de dançaterapia, com duração de 30 minutos, duas vezes por semana em dias alternados, durante um ano. Os instrumentos de avaliação utilizados foram a Medida da Função Motora (MFM), Teste de Tinetti e Escala de Avaliação do Autismo Infantil (Childhood Autism Rating Scale - CARS). Segundo a MFM, o escore total aumentou 27,08%; o Teste de Tinetti referente ao equilíbrio aumentou de 68 para 75% e a marcha de 16% para 66%; o CARS foi alterado de 41,5 para 34 pontos, transferindo o transtorno de grave para moderado dentro dos parâmetros propostos. A dançaterapia pode otimizar o comportamento neuropsicomotor de jovens com transtornos autistas.

El autismo es uno de los trastornos neurológicos más comunes que afectan al desarrollo neurológico y psicomotor de niños. Diversas intervenciones terapéuticas pueden intervenir en las desordenes de la comunicación y en las conductas estereotipadas, tales como la danza, que como terapia puede activar la sensorialidad permitiendo la mejora del gesto. En este estudio se buscó observar los efectos de la danzaterapia al desempeño motor y del gesto, al equilibrio del cuerpo y de la marcha, así como a la calidad de vida de un adolescente autista. Se trata de un estudio experimental con un joven de 15 años de edad, el cual participó de 120 sesiones de danzaterapia, con duración media de 30 minutos, llevada a cabo dos veces por semana en días distintos, durante un año. Se utilizaron los instrumentos: la Medida de la Función Motora (MFM), la Prueba de Tinetti y la Escala de Evaluación del Autismo Infantil (Childhood Autism Rating Scale - CARS). De acuerdo a la MFM la puntuación total aumentó un 27,08%; la Prueba de Tinetti con respeto al equilibrio aumentó del 68% al 75% y la marcha del 16% al 66%; la CARS bajó del 41,5 al 34 puntos, pasando la clasificación del trastorno, según los parámetros propuestos, de grave a moderado. Así, la danzaterapia puede optimizar la conducta neurológica y psicomotora del joven con trastornos autísticos.no hay comprobación suficiente sobre la eficacia de la VNI en el aumento de la tolerancia al ejercicio.

Autism is one of the most common neurological disorders that affects the neurological development of children. Therapeutic interventions may intervene in communication disorders and stereotyped behaviors such as dancing, which as therapy can activate sensory pathways that enable gesture improvement. This study aimed to observe the effects of dance therapy in motor performance and gesture, body balance and gait, as well as in the quality of life of an adolescent with autistic disorder. It is a case study of a fifteen-year-old male who participated in 120 sessions of dance therapy, lasting 30 minutes, twice a week, on alternate days, over a period of one year. The assessment instruments used were the Motor Function Measure (MFM), Tinetti test and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). According to the MFM, the total score increased 27.08%; the Tinetti test regarding balance increased from 68 to 75%, and gait, from 16% to 66%. CARS changed from 41.5 to 34 points, changing the severe disorder to moderate within the proposed parameters. The dance therapy can optimize the psychomotor behavior of young people with autistic disorders.

Feldenkrais method-based exercise improves quality of life in individuals with Parkinson's disease: a controlled, randomized clinical trial.

CONTEXT: Longevity results in changes to patterns of health, with an increased prevalence of chronic diseases. Parkinson's disease (PD) is described as a progressive neurodegenerative disease related to age that influences quality of life (QoL) and leads to depression. OBJECTIVE: The study intended to assess changes in QoL and depression in older adults with PD through use of Feldenkrais method-based exercise. DESIGN: The study was a controlled, blinded, and randomized clinical trial. SETTING: The study occurred at the University Hospital of the Federal University of Sergipe in Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 30 patients, aged between 50 and 70 y, with idiopathic PD, who signed an informed consent form and were randomly assigned to 2 groups: treatment and control. INTERVENTION: The treatment group underwent 50 sessions of an exercise program based on the Feldenkrais method. The control group received educational lectures during this period. The treatment group's 50 sessions, given 2 ×/wk on alternate days and lasting 60 min, were conducted in an appropriate room at the hospital. OUTCOME MEASURES: Two surveys, the Parkinson's Disease Quality of Life (PDQL) questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), were administered before and after the sessions for both groups. RESULTS: After the exercises based on the Feldenkrais method, the treated group showed improvement in QoL scores (P = .004) as well as a reduction in the level of depression (P = .05) compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: The findings in the current study indicate that it is likely that the practice of a program based on the Feldenkrais method can contribute greatly to the QoL of patients with PD, suggesting the importance of interventions that promote wellness for this population.