Prognostic factors in neoadjuvant treatment followed by surgery in stage IIIA-N2 non-small cell lung cancer: a multi-institutional study by the Oncologic Group for the Study of Lung Cancer (Spanish Radiation Oncology Society).

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prognostic factors associated with survival in patients treated with neoadjuvant treatment [chemoradiotherapy (CRT) or chemotherapy] followed by surgery (CRTS) in patients with stage IIIA-N2 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of 118 patients diagnosed with stage T1-T3N2M0 NSCLC and treated with CRTS at 14 hospitals in Spain between January 2005 and December 2014. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Cox regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: Surgery consisted of lobectomy (74.5% of cases), pneumectomy (17.8%), or bilobectomy (7.6%). Neoadjuvant treatment was CRT in 62 patients (52.5%) and chemotherapy alone in 56 patients (47.5%). Median follow-up was 42.5 months (5-128 months). 5-year OS and PFS were 51.1% and 49.4%, respectively. The following variables were independently associated with worse OS and PFS: pneumonectomy (vs. lobectomy); advanced pathologic T stage (pT3 vs. pT0-pT2); and presence of persistent N2 disease (vs. ypN0-1) in the surgical specimen. CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of patients with stage IIIA-N2 NSCLC treated with CRTS, 5-year survival (both OS and PFS) was approximately 50%. After CRTS, the patients with the best prognosis were those whose primary tumour and/or mediastinal nodal metastases were downstaged after induction therapy and those who underwent lobectomy. These findings provide further support for neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery in selected patients.

[Non-aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage secondary to panarteritis nodosa at paediatric age: a case report]. / Hemorragia subaracnoidea no aneurismatica secundaria a panarteritis nodosa en edad pediatrica: caso clinico.

INTRODUCTION: Polyarteritis nodosa is a necrotizing vasculitis that mainly affects small and medium-sized arteries in skin and internal organs. Neurological involvement is reported in around 25% of cases: ischemic stroke is relatively common, but haemorrhagic lesions are extremely rare. Subarachnoid haemorrhage in polyarteritis nodosa is an uncommon expression of this disease, mostly associated with aneurism rupture. To the best of the authors' knowledge, there is just one published case in pediatric age with polyarteritis nodosa and subarachnoid haemorrhage with no underlying aneurismal disease. CASE REPORT: A 7-year-old girl, who presented a non-aneurismal subarachnoid haemorrhage with intraparenchymal extension in the left basal ganglia. She was previously diagnosed with polyarteritis nodosa and prothrombotic condition, being under immunosuppressive and anti-platelet treatment at that moment. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical features of polyarteritis nodosa together with continued anti-platelet therapy to prevent thromboembolic disease in this patient could have predisposed to the haemorrhagic event in the process of cerebral vasculitis. Standard subarachnoid haemorrhage management is initially required in such cases as cerebral aneurysms are the most common cause of haemorrhage in the context of polyarteritis nodosa disease.

TITLE: Hemorragia subaracnoidea no aneurismatica secundaria a panarteritis nodosa en edad pediatrica: caso clinico.Introduccion. La panarteritis nodosa es una vasculitis necrotizante que afecta de manera predominante a arterias de pequeño y mediano calibre de la piel y los organos internos. La afectacion neurologica sucede en un 25% de casos: los ictus isquemicos son relativamente frecuentes, pero las lesiones hemorragicas resultan extremadamente raras. La hemorragia subaracnoidea es una expresion poco comun de la enfermedad, asociada la inmensa mayoria de las veces a patologia aneurismatica. En nuestro conocimiento, solo existe otro caso descrito de panarteritis nodosa con hemorragia subaracnoidea en la edad pediatrica sin patologia aneurismatica subyacente. Caso clinico. Niña de 7 años que presento una hemorragia subaracnoidea no aneurismatica con extension intraparenquimatosa a los ganglios basales izquierdos. Previamente se habia diagnosticado panarteritis nodosa y enfermedad protrombotica, en tratamiento con farmacos inmunodepresores y antiagregantes en ese momento. Conclusiones. Las caracteristicas clinicas de la panarteritis nodosa, junto con el tratamiento antiagregante para prevenir la enfermedad tromboembolica en nuestra paciente, podrian haber predispuesto al evento hemorragico en el proceso de la vasculitis cerebral. El manejo estandar de la hemorragia subaracnoidea es necesario en estos casos debido a que los aneurismas cerebrales son la causa mas comun de hemorragia subaracnoidea en un contexto de panarteritis nodosa.

Neoadjuvant treatment followed by surgery versus definitive chemoradiation in stage IIIA-N2 non-small-cell lung cancer: A multi-institutional study by the oncologic group for the study of lung cancer (Spanish Radiation Oncology Society).

OBJECTIVES: The role of surgery in stage IIIA-N2 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is an actively debated in oncology. To evaluate the value of surgery in this patient population, we conducted a multi-institutional retrospective study comparing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy plus surgery (CRTS) to definitive chemoradiotherapy (dCRT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 247 patients with potentially resectable stage T1-T3N2M0 NSCLC treated with either CRTS or dCRT between January 2005 and December 2014 at 15 hospitals in Spain were identified. A centralized review was performed to ensure resectability. A propensity score matched analysis was carried out to balance patient and tumor characteristics (n = 78 per group). RESULTS: Of the 247 patients, 118 were treated with CRTS and 129 with dCRT. In the CRTS group, 62 patients (52.5%) received neoadjuvant CRT and 56 (47.4%) neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Surgery consisted of either lobectomy (97 patients; 82.2%) or pneumonectomy (21 patients; 17.8%). In the matched samples, median overall survival (OS; 56 vs 29 months, log-rank p = .002) and progression-free survival (PFS; 46 vs 15 months, log-rank p < 0.001) were significantly higher in the CRTS group. This survival advantage for CRTS was maintained in the subset comparison between the lobectomy subgroup versus dCRT (OS: 57 vs 29 months, p < 0.001; PFS: 46 vs 15 months, p < 0.001), but not in the comparison between the pneumonectomy subgroup and dCRT. CONCLUSION: The findings reported here indicate that neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery (preferably lobectomy) yields better OS and PFS than definitive chemoradiotherapy in patients with resectable stage IIIA-N2 NSCLC.

Activity of the novel BCR kinase inhibitor IQS019 in preclinical models of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: Pharmacological inhibition of B cell receptor (BCR) signaling has recently emerged as an effective approach in a wide range of B lymphoid neoplasms. However, despite promising clinical activity of the first Bruton's kinase (Btk) and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitors, a small fraction of patients tend to develop progressive disease after initial response to these agents. METHODS: We evaluated the antitumor activity of IQS019, a new BCR kinase inhibitor with increased affinity for Btk, Syk, and Lck/Yes novel tyrosine kinase (Lyn), in a set of 34 B lymphoid cell lines and primary cultures, including samples with acquired resistance to the first-in-class Btk inhibitor ibrutinib. Safety and efficacy of the compound were then evaluated in two xenograft mouse models of B cell lymphoma. RESULTS: IQS019 simultaneously engaged a rapid and dose-dependent de-phosphorylation of both constitutive and IgM-activated Syk, Lyn, and Btk, leading to impaired cell proliferation, reduced CXCL12-dependent cell migration, and induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis. Accordingly, B cell lymphoma-bearing mice receiving IQS019 presented a reduced tumor outgrowth characterized by a decreased mitotic index and a lower infiltration of malignant cells in the spleen, in tight correlation with downregulation of phospho-Syk, phospho-Lyn, and phospho-Btk. More interestingly, IQS019 showed improved efficacy in vitro and in vivo when compared to the first-in-class Btk inhibitor ibrutinib, and was active in cells with acquired resistance to this latest. CONCLUSIONS: These results define IQS019 as a potential drug candidate for a variety of B lymphoid neoplasms, including cases with acquired resistance to current BCR-targeting therapies.

In vivo adhesion of malignant B cells to bone marrow microvasculature is regulated by α4ß1 cytoplasmic-binding proteins.

Multiple myeloma (MM) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells must attach to the bone marrow (BM) microvasculature before lodging in the BM microenvironment. Using intravital microscopy (IVM) of the BM calvariae we demonstrate that the α4ß1 integrin is required for MM and CLL cell firm arrest onto the BM microvasculature, while endothelial P-selectin and E-selectin mediate cell rolling. Talin, kindlin-3 and ICAP-1 are ß1-integrin-binding partners that regulate ß1-mediated cell adhesion. We show that talin and kindlin-3 cooperatively stimulate high affinity and strength of α4ß1-dependent MM and CLL cell attachment, whereas ICAP-1 negatively regulates this adhesion. A functional connection between talin/kindlin-3 and Rac1 was found to be required for MM cell attachment mediated by α4ß1. Importantly, IVM analyses with talin- and kindlin-3-silenced MM cells indicate that these proteins are needed for cell arrest on the BM microvasculature. Instead, MM cell arrest is repressed by ICAP-1. Moreover, MM cells silenced for talin and kindlin-3, and cultured on α4ß1 ligands showed higher susceptibility to bortezomib-mediated cell apoptosis. Our results highlight the requirement of α4ß1 and selectins for the in vivo attachment of MM and CLL cells to the BM microvasculature, and indicate that talin, kindlin-3 and ICAP-1 differentially control physiological adhesion by regulating α4ß1 activity.

An artificial neural network model for predicting the subcellular localization of photosensitisers for photodynamic therapy of solid tumours.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising modality for the treatment of tumours based on the combined action of a photosensitiser (PS), visible light and molecular oxygen, which generates a local oxidative damage that leads to cell death. The site where the primary photodynamic effect takes place depends on the subcellular localization of the PS and affects the mode of action and efficacy of PDT. It is therefore of prime interest to develop structure-subcellular localization prediction models for a PS from its molecular structure and physicochemical properties. Here we describe such a prediction method for the localization of macrocyclic PSs into cell organelles based on a wide set of physicochemical properties and processed through an artificial neural network (ANN). 128 2D-molecular descriptors related to lipophilicity/hydrophilicity, charge and structural features were calculated, then reduced to 76 by using Pearson's correlation coefficient, and finally to 5 using Guyon and Elisseeff's algorithm. The localization of 61 PSs was compiled from literature and distributed into 3 possible cell structures (mitochondria, lysosomes and "other organelles"). A non-linear ANN algorithm was used to process the information as a decision tree in order to solve PS-organelle assignment: first to identify PSs with mitochondrial and/or lysosomal localization from the rest, and to classify them in a second stage. This sequential ANN classification method has permitted to distinguish PSs located into two of the most important cell targets: lysosomes and mitochondria. The absence of false negatives in this assignation, combined with the rate of success in predicting PS localization in these organelles, permits the use of this ANN method to perform virtual screenings of drug candidates for PDT.

[Abducens nerve palsy due to postraumatic retroclival and spinal subdural hematoma: case report and literature review]. / Paresia VI par craneal por hematoma subdural retroclival y espinal postraumatico: presentacin de un caso y revision de la literatura.

INTRODUCTION: Retroclival posttraumatic hematomas are extremely rare and almost exclusive to childhood. Only one case of retroclival subdural hematoma has been reported in the literature to date. CASE REPORT: An 8-year-old boy suffered a severe head injury with cervical hyperextension as the result of a bicycle accident. On admission his initial Glasgow Coma Score was 13 and he had diplopia due to right palsy of the VI nerve. A retroclival subdural hematoma was observed by CT and MRI of the craneovertebral junction. Management was conservative and a rigid collar was placed. Palsy of VI nerve recovered spontaneously at 6 days and at discharge the patient had only cervical pain. Follow up at 3 months after the accident showed clinical and radiological resolution. CONCLUSION: Traumatic retroclival hematomas are mainly a pediatric entity due to immaturity of the cranio-cervical junction. Treatment consists of placement of a rigid collar although clinical progression may require surgical evacuation.

Paresia VI par craneal por hematoma subdural retroclival y espinal postraumático: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Abducens nerve palsy due to postraumatic retroclival and spinal subdural hematoma: case report and litera­ture review

Introducción. Los hematomas retroclivales postrau-máticos son extremadamente infrecuentes y casi exclu­sivos de la edad pediátrica. Únicamente se ha documen­tado en la literatura un caso de hematoma subdural retroclival postraumático. Caso clínico. Varón de 8 años de edad que tras accidente de bicicleta sufre traumatismo cráneo-ence­fálico con hiperextensión cervical. A su ingreso presentó Glasgow inicial de 13 y diplopia por paresia del VI par derecho. En la TAC y RM cráneo-cervical se objetivó un hematoma subdural retroclival. Se realizó manejo conservador con colocación de collarín rígido. Se observó recuperación espontánea del VI par a los 6 días presentando únicamente cervicalgia al alta. Presentó resolución clínica y radiológica a los 3 meses del acci­dente. Conclusión. Las lesiones hemorrágicas retroclivales postraumáticas son típicas de la edad pediátrica por la inmadurez de la unión cráneo-cervical que presentan. El tratamiento de elección es la colocación de un colla­rín rígido aunque si existe progresión clínica puede ser necesaria la evacuación quirúrgica (AU)

Introduction. Retroclival posttraumatic hematomas are extremely rare and almost exclusive to child­hood. Only one case of retroclival subdural hema­toma has been reported in the literature to date. Case report. An 8-year-old boy suffered a severe head injury with cervical hyperextension as the result of a bicycle accident. On admission his initial Glasgow Coma Score was 13 and he had diplopia due to right palsy of the VI nerve. A retroclival subdural hematoma was observed by CT and MRI of the craneovertebral junction. Management was conservative and a rigid collar was placed. Palsy of VI nerve recovered sponta­neously at 6 days and at discharge the patient had only cervical pain. Follow up at 3 months after the accident showed clinical and radiological resolution. Conclusion. Traumatic retroclival hematomas are mainly a pediatric entity due to immaturity of the cranio-cervical junction. Treatment consists of place­ment of a rigid collar although clinical progression may require surgical evacuation (AU)

[Sinking skin flap syndrome]. / Sindrome del colgajo hundido.

INTRODUCTION: The sinking skin flap syndrome is a complication of decompressive craniectomies. It is of relevance not only due to its frequency, it is often underdiagnosed, but also because of the possibility of reversing the symptoms with the proper treatment. CASE REPORT: A 53-year-old female sustained a severe head injury. The initial Glasgow Coma Scale was 6T. The CT scan showed a severe traumatic injury in the left temporal lobe that required a decompressive craniectomy. After surgery the patient developed aphasia and right hemiparesis but progressively improved. Four months after surgery, however, she presented neurological worsening. An MRI showed skin retraction with a mass effect on the brain parenchyma at the craniectomy defect. A cranioplasty was performed and the patient progressively recovered neurologically. CONCLUSIONS: The symptoms of sinking skin flap are headache, dizziness, inappropriate behaviour, neurological functional impairment and/or seizures. The symptoms worsen with the Valsalva manoeuvres and with changes in position. Typically, symptoms 3 to 5 months to appear. Theories to explain these symptoms include a direct atmospheric pressure effect, brain blood flow changes, alteration in cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and metabolic disturbances. Diagnosis is performed through clinical observation but imaging studies are recommended to confirm the diagnosis. The treatment of choice is a cranioplasty. Prognosis is excellent and almost all patients recover completely.

Comparative study of neural networks and least mean square algorithm applied to the optimization of cosmetic formulations.

In this work, a comparative study between two methods to acquire relevant information about a cosmetic formulation has been carried out. A Design of Experiments (DOE) has been applied in two stages to a capillary cosmetic cream: first, a Plackett-Burman (PB) design has been used to reduce the number of variables to be studied; second, a complete factorial design has been implemented. With the experimental data collected from the DOE, a Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have been utilized to obtain an equation (or model) that could explain cream viscosity. Calculations have shown that ANN are the best prediction method to fit a model to experimental data, within the interval of concentrations defined by the whole set of experiments.

[The effectiveness of gravitational valves in the prevention of over-drainage in adult patients with hydrocephalus]. / Efectividad de las válvulas gravitacionales en la prevención del hiperdrenaje en pacientes adultos con hidrocefalia.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of gravitational valves on over-drainage in hydrocephalus in adults. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of the shunt systems placed in patients over the age of 18 years between 1998 and 2006. Patients were divided into two groups: non-GV group (without gravitational valve) and GV group (with a gravitational valve, Aesculap-Miethke 5/35). The complications that occurred during the first year following the placement of the shunt system were recorded. RESULTS: Of a total of 137 patients, 91 were from the non-GV group and 46 belonged to the GV group. Mean age: non-GV group, 62.1 years; and GV group, 64.2 years, without any significant differences. In 80 patients the aetiology was chronic adult hydrocephalus, 19 were due to expansive processes, 15 due to vascular causes, eight pseudo tumours, six post-traumatic injuries and nine were due to other causes. In the non-GV group, 9.89% presented over-drainage, whereas there were no cases in the GV group; the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.029). In the rest of the complications there were no significant differences between the two groups. The total complications in the non-GV group were 25.27% and in the GV group, 6.52%, and there were significant differences (p = 0.01), although, above all, at the expense of over-drainage, because if this complication was excluded, then the differences were no longer significant (p = 0.175). CONCLUSIONS: In our series, the use of gravitational valves in the prevention of over-drainage in adult hydrocephalus proved to be more effective than employing valves without the gravitational device.

Efectividad de las válvulas gravitacionales en la prevención del hiperdrenaje en pacientes adultos con hidrocefalia / The effectiveness of gravitational valves in the prevention of over drainage in adult patients with hydrocephalus

Resumen. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de las válvulas gravitacionales sobre el hiperdrenaje en la hidrocefalia en el adulto. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo de los sistemas de derivación colocados en pacientes mayores de 18 años entre 1998 y 2006. Se dividió a los pacientes en dos grupos: grupo no VG (sin válvula gravitacional) y grupo VG (con válvula gravitacional, Aesculap-Miethke 5/35). Se contabilizaron las complicaciones producidas dentro del primer año tras la colocación del sistema de derivación. Resultados. Sobre un total de 137 pacientes, 91 fueron del grupo no VG y 46 del grupo VG. Edad media: grupo no VG, 62,1 años, y grupo VG, 64,2 años, sin que las diferencias fueran significativas. La etiología en 80 pacientes fue hidrocefalia crónica del adulto, 19 por procesos expansivos, 15 por causas vasculares, ocho pseudotumores, seis postraumáticos y nueve por otras causas. En el grupo no VG, un 9,89% presentó hiperdrenaje, mientras que en el grupo VG no hubo ningún caso; la diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,029). En el resto de las complicaciones no se obtuvieron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos. Las complicaciones totales en el grupo no VG fueron del 25,27% y en el grupo VG del 6,52%, y hubo diferencias significativas (p = 0,01), aunque, sobre todo, a expensas del hiperdrenaje, ya que si se excluía esta complicación las diferencias no eran significativas (p = 0,175). Conclusión. En nuestra serie queda probada la eficacia de las válvulas gravitacionales en la prevención del hiperdrenaje en la hidrocefalia en el adulto comparado con las válvulas sin dispositivo gravitacional (AU)

Summary. Aim. To evaluate the effect of gravitational valves on over-drainage in hydrocephalus in adults. Patients and methods. We performed a retrospective study of the shunt systems placed in patients over the age of 18 years between 1998 and 2006. Patients were divided into two groups: non-GV group (without gravitational valve) and GV group (with a gravitational valve, Aesculap-Miethke 5/35). The complications that occurred during the first year following the placement of the shunt system were recorded. Results. Of a total of 137 patients, 91 were from the non-GV group and 46 belonged to the GV group. Mean age: non- GV group, 62.1 years; and GV group, 64.2 years, without any significant differences. In 80 patients the aetiology was chronic adult hydrocephalus, 19 were due to expansive processes, 15 due to vascular causes, eight pseudo tumours, six post-traumatic injuries and nine were due to other causes. In the non-GV group, 9.89% presented over-drainage, whereas there were no cases in the GV group; the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.029). In the rest of the complications there were no significant differences between the two groups. The total complications in the non-GV group were 25.27% and in the GV group, 6.52%, and there were significant differences (p = 0.01), although, above all, at the expense of over-drainage, because if this complication was excluded, then the differences were no longer significant (p = 0.175). Conclusions. In our series, the use of gravitational valves in the prevention of over-drainage in adult hydrocephalus proved to be more effective than employing valves without the gravitational device (AU)

Diabetes mellitus postrasplante según técnica de diálisis previa al trasplante / No disponible

La diabetes mellitus postrasplante (DMPT) es una de las complicaciones más importantes del paciente trasplantado renal, pues tiene importantes repercusiones sobre la supervivencia del injerto y del paciente. El diagnóstico de DMPT debe realizarse según los criterios de la American Diabetic Association. Estudios recientes demuestran la utilidad de realizar un test de tolerancia oral a la glucosa a todos los pacientes. Son muchos los factores de riesgo que favorecen la DMPT. Controlando los factores modificables (inmunosupresión, obesidad, infecciones…) se puede reducirla incidencia de DMPT. Según los datos del RMRC los pacientes en diálisis peritoneal son más jóvenes, pero presentan un mayor porcentaje de dislipemia y obesidad. Datos recientes sugieren que la inflamación subclínica, la adiponectina y la ghrelina pueden ser un importante factor patogénico en el desarrollo de la resistencia a la insulina y la diabetes mellitus. No existen evidencias claras de que la técnica de diálisis influya en el estado inflamatorio subclínico y las adipocitoquinas. Según datos del grupo español de estudio de la DMPT existe relación entre las concentraciones de ghrelina y el sexo en los pacientes de diálisis peritoneal. La complicación metabólica más frecuente de los pacientes en diálisis peritoneal es la hiperglicemia. La hiperglicemia pretrasplante favorece la aparición de DMPT. No existen evidencias claras en la literatura que demuestren que la técnica de diálisis sea un factor de riesgo para la aparición de DMPT. Son necesarios más estudios multicéntricos que analicen las características clínicas y biológicas del paciente renal y su relación con la DMPT (AU)

Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is one of the most important complications in kidney transplant patients because it has a significant impact on graft and patient survival. Diagnosis of PTDM should be based on the American Diabetic Association criteria. Recent studies show the value of performing an oral glucose tolerance test in all patients. Multiple risk factors promote PTDM. PTDM incidence may be reduced by controlling modifiable factors (immune suppression, obesity, infections…). According to RMRC data, patients on peritoneal dialysis are younger, but have a greater incidence rate of dyslipidemia and obesity. Recent data suggest that subclinical information, adiponectin, and ghrelin may be a significant pathogenetic factor in development of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. There is no clear evidence that the dialysis procedure influences the subclinical inflammatory state and adipocytokines. According to data from the Spanish group for the study of PTDM, a relationship exists between ghrelin levels and sex in patients on peritoneal dialysis. The most common metabolic complication in patients on peritoneal dialysis is hyperglycemia. Pre-transplant hyperglycemia promotes the occurrence of PTDM. There is no clear evidence in the literature showing that the dialysis procedure is a risk factor for the occurrence of PTDM. Additional multicenter studies are required to analyze the clinical and biological characteristics of renal patients and their relationship to PTDM (AU)

[Post-transplant diabetes mellitus depending on the pre-transplant dialysis technique]. / Diabetes mellitus post-trasplante según técnica de diálisis previa al trasplante.

Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is one of the most important complications in kidney transplant patients because it has a significant impact on graft and patient survival. Diagnosis of PTDM should be based on the American Diabetic Association criteria. Recent studies show the value of performing an oral glucose tolerance test in all patients. Multiple risk factors promote PTDM. PTDM incidence may be reduced by controlling modifiable factors (immunosuppression, obesity, infections...). According to RMRC data, patients on peritoneal dialysis are younger, but have a greater incidence rate of dyslipidemia and obesity. Recent data suggest that subclinical information, adiponectin, and ghrelin may be a significant pathogenetic factor in development of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. There is no clear evidence that the dialysis procedure influences the subclinical inflammatory state and adipocytokines. According to data from the Spanish group for the study of PTDM, a relationship exists between ghrelin levels and sex in patients on peritoneal dialysis. The most common metabolic complication in patients on peritoneal dialysis is hyperglycemia. Pre-transplant hyperglycemia promotes the occurrence of PTDM. There is no clear evidence in the literature showing that the dialysis procedure is a risk factor for the occurrence of PTDM. Additional multicenter studies are required to analyze the clinical and biological characteristics of renal patients and their relationship to PTDM.

[The microbial pattern of the catheter exit-site infection in peritoneal dialysis: A non-diphtheria Corynebacteria emergence?]. / Patrón microbiológico de la infección del cateter peritoneal: aumento de Corynebacterium sp?

BACKGROUND: A prospective cohort study was undertaken to compare the rates of the infecting microorganisms of the peritoneal catheter exit-site in three periods of the prophylactic protocol of a peritoneal dialysis program. All patients treated for more than one month on Peritoneal Dialysis were included: Fourty-eight in Period 1 (P1), 48 in Period 2 (P2), and 54 in Period 3 (P3). Each period was of 3 years. METHODS: Infection prophylaxis protocol: P1: hydrogen peroxide or povidone iodine and non-occlusive dressing; P2: sterile water (boiled water) instead of antiseptic agents, semi-permeable dressing for taking showers, and nasal mupirocine prophylaxis for Staphylococcus aureus carriers; P3: equal to P2, plus local application of antibiotics in equivocal exit-site for infection and argentic nitrate in granulation tissue. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The rates of catheter infection and microorganisms causing infection were analysed by means of the Poisson regression method. Chi-square and ANOVA when appropriate. RESULTS: The proportion of catheters implanted by nephrologist or surgeon (p<0.01) and modality treatment by CAPD or CCPD (p<0.0001) were significantly different in the three periods, while the Staph. Aureus carrieres was in the limit of significance (p=0.048). Throughout the three periods, a significantly decreasing rate of total (P=0.0035) and acute infections (P<0.001), Staph. aureus (P=0.003) and peritonitis (P=0.0025) were found. The Pseudomonas aer. (P=0.006) and Gram negative Bacteria (P=0.023) decreased significantly in P2. The multiple factor analysis included eight factors: sex, age group, ESRD, DM, catheter implantation (nephrologist, surgeon), modality treatment (CAPD, CCPD), manufacturer and prophylaxis period as possible predictors of the catheter infections, the specific microorganisms and the peritonitis. That analysis revealed the prophylaxis period as the main predictive factor of the improvements found (p<0.02,- p<0.001). In contrast, the Corynebacteria spp. increased significantly (P=0.008) throughout the three periods. One half of the Corynebacteria in each period could be considered colonisers. The other half caused true infections, but not one of those episodes required catheter intervention. The non-diphtheria Corynebacteria increase was found related with the continuous cycling Peritoneal Dialysis treatment in multiple factor analysis (p=0.0023) and in the proportion analysis (P=0.039, c2). CONCLUSION: The progressive protocol applied obtained good results, without the continued use of local antiseptics or antibiotics at the exit-site. However, the non-diphtheria Corynebacteria sp. infection increment favours the consideration of an antiseptic agent for the exit-site care.

Patrón microbiológico de la infección del catéter peritoneal: ¿aumento de corynebacterium sp? / The microbial pattern of the catheter exit-site infection in peritoneal dialysis: a non-diphteria corynebacteria emergence?

En un estudio de cohorte se observaron prospectivamente los gérmenes causantes de infección en el catéter peritoneal en tres protocolos de profilaxis consecutivos, de 3 años cada uno. Pacientes con más de un mes de permenencia en Diálisis Peritoneal: 48 en el período 1 (P1), 48 en el período 2 (P2) y 54 en el período 3 (P3). Métodos: La profilaxis de infección del catéter fue: P1: Peróxido de hidrógeno o Povidona yodada y apósito no oclusivo; P2: Agua estéril (hervida), apósito semipermeable para la ducha y mupirocina nasal para los portadores de Staf. aureus; P3: igual que en el período anterior añadiendo antibióticos locales para los orificios equivocos de infección y aplicación de nitrato de plata en el tejido de granulación. Análisis estadístico: regresión de Poisson, ��2 y ANOVA. Resultados: A través de los 3 períodos hubo una disminución significativa de la tasa de infecciones totales (aguda, crónica y del manguito) (p = 0,0035), agudas (p < 0,001), las causadas por Staph. aureus (p = 0,003) y también de las peritonitis (p = 0,0025). Las infecciones por Pseudomonas aer. (p = 0,006) y por gérmenes gram negativos (p = 0,023) disinuyeron significativamente en el P2. El análisis multifactorial confirmó el período de profilaxis como el principal factor predictivo de los cambios en las tasas de infección y de los microorganismos específicos (p entre < 0,02 y < 0,001). Sin embargo las infecciones por Corynebacterium sp aumentaron significativamente (p = 0,008) a través de los tres períodos. En el análisis de factores este aumento de infecciones por Corynebacterium sp se halló relacionado con el tratamiento con Diálisis Peritoneal continua cíclica (DPCC) en el análisis multifactorial (p = 0,0023) y en el de proporciones (p = 0,039). Conclusión: El protocolo de profilaxis de la infección del orificio del catéter de DP aplicado, sin usar continuadamente antisépticos o antibióticos locales, ha demostrado buenos resultados para la mayoría de microorganismos. Sin embargo el aumento de infecciones por Corynebacterium sp obliga a considerar la aplicación de antisépticos locales

Background: A prospective cohort study was undertaken to compare the rates of the infecting microorganisms of the peritoneal catheter exit-site in three periods of the prophylactic protocol of a peritoneal dialysis program. All patients treated for more than one month on Peritoneal Dialysis were included: Fourty-eight in Period 1 (P1), 48 in Period 2 (P2), and 54 in Period 3 (P3). Each period was of 3 years. Methods: Infection prophylaxis protocol: P1: hydrogen peroxide or povidone iodine and non-occlusive dressing; P2: sterile water (boiled water) instead of antiseptic agents, semi-permeable dressing for taking showers, and nasal mupirocine prophylaxis for Staphylococcus aureus carriers; P3: equal to P2, plus local application of antibiotics in equivocal exit-site for infection and argentic nitrate in granulation tissue. Main outcome measure: the rates of catheter infection and microorganisms causing infection were analysed by means of the Poisson regression method. Chi-square and ANOVA when appropiate. Results: The proportion of catheters implanted by nephrologist or surgeon (p < 0.01) and modality treatment by CAPD or CCPD (p < 0.0001) were significantly different in the three periods, while the Staph. Aureus carrieres was in the limit of significance (p = 0.048). Throughout the three periods, a significantly decreasing rate of total (P = 0.0035) and acute infections (P < 0.001), Staph. aureus (P = 0.003) and peritonitis (P = 0.0025) were found. The Pseudomonas aer. (P = 0.006) and Gram negative Bacteria (P = 0.023) decreased significantly in P2. The multiple factor analysis included eight factors: sex, age group, ESRD, DM, catheter implatation (nephrologist, surgeon), modality treatment (CAPD, CCPD), manufacturer and prophylaxis period as possible predictors of the catheter infections, the specific microorganisms and the peritonitis. That analysis revealed the prophylaxis period as the main predictive factor of the improvements found (p < 0.02,- p < 0.001). In contrast, the Corynebacteria spp increased significantly (P=0.008) throughout the three periods. One half of the Corynebacteria in each period could be considered colonisers. The other half caused true infections, but not one of those episodes required catheter intervention. The non-diphtheria Corynebacteria increase was found related with the continuous cycling Peritoneal Dialysis treatment in multiple factor analysis (p = 0.0023) and in the proportion analysis (P = 0.039, ��2). Conclusion: The progressive protocol applied obtained good results, without the continued use of local antiseptics or antibiotics at the exit-site. However, the nondiphtheria Corynebacteria sp infection increment favours the consideration of an antiseptic agent for the exit-site care