Mental illness and the family in America and India.

The relationship of family support systems to emotional problems is presented from a transcultural perspective in the light of differences in the types of patients seen at one American and two Indian clinics. The American cultural emphasis on individuation and role adequacy is reflected in a much higher incidence of adjustment reactions and personality disorders among American patients. The positive view of mutuality and interdependence among Indians helps decrease the need for psychiatric help for these problems so long as the individual is an integral part of the family. Separation from the supportive role of the family, however, brings about a sharp increase in the incidence of these problems.

Periodic psychosis of puberty. A longitudinal case study.

A number of reports indicate that many women experience minor physical and psychological symptoms just prior to or during menses. Rarer episodic psychotic states associated with menses have received scanty attention. In the few available case reports, many hypotheses about their etiology have been advanced, usually unsupported by systemic studies. A 15-year-old girl with periodic psychotic episodes associated with menses was studied over many months. The interval between her periods was around 45 days. Psychotic episodes usually started a few days before or in association with menstural bleeding. Typically characterized by withdrawal, negativism, an apprehensive attitude, and suspiciousness, they remitted fully in 10 to 12 days with or without treatment. To facilitate necessary behavioral observations and complete various investigations, the patient was kept for nearly 60 days without treatment as an inpatient. Repeated vaginal smear cytology examinations during the menstrual cycle indicated a predominant estrogen influence throughout the cycle with an absence of the expected progesterone predominance in its later part. The patient gained 5 pounds between two cycles. Therapy with progesterone was instituted following the observation period. This patient's Rorschach revealed strong conflicts in relation to her sexuality. Concomitant with change in vaginal cytology reflecting a more balanced estrogen/progesterone influence, the patient stopped having psychotic episodes with menses. During a trial period when progesterone therapy was stopped, the psychotic episodes recurred but were prevented with its subsequent reinstitution. A complex interplay of hormonal factors that brings heightened sexual drive and possibly water retention in a predisposed patient can contribute to the causation of psychotic episodes at menstrual onset. Menstrual bleeding can associatively facilitate sexual fantasies and heighten conflict. Under this combined stress, the ego's defensive structure is likely to crumble with resultant psychotic episodes.

Tranquilizers or anti-depressants for chronic schizophrenics: a long term study.

The relative efficacy of 4 tranquilizers was investigated in 66 chronic schizophrenics who had been hospitalized for 10.01 years (mean). The role of adding an anti-depressant was also studied. Following a 4 week placebo period, high dosage tranquilizers were given for 16 weeks and amitriptyline was added for the following 16 weeks. Statistical analyses of the various change measures revealed that patients worsened significantly on placebo, all 4 tranquilizers were significantly better than placebo for symptom reduction and maximum improvement was attained within 16 weeks of tranquilizer administration. No significant differences in efficacy were observed among the 4 tranquilizers and addition of amitriptyline did not confer any additional therapeutic advantage.