ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Many cutaneous manifestations have been described in possible association with the COVID-19 pandemic, including acral lesions resembling chilblains. The underlying pathomechanisms of COVID-19 chilblains are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical, pathological, and laboratory findings of a series of patients who developed chilblains during the COVID-19 outbreak and to investigate the possible factors that could be involved in the pathogenesis of these lesions. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study that included 54 patients who presented with chilblains during the highest peak in the incidence of COVID-19 in Cantabria (northern Spain). Skin biopsies were performed on 10 of these patients who presented with recent lesions. Laboratory investigations, including immunological analysis, serological studies, and the assessment of cryoproteins, were also performed. RESULTS: Most patients presented erythematous plaques located on the toes and/or purpuric macules located on the feet. Histopathological findings were compatible with those of idiopathic chilblains. Immunohistochemical evaluation showed C3d and C4d deposits in the vessel walls in seven cases. The autoimmunity panel was negative in most of our series. Cryoprotein testing showed positive cryofibrinogen in two-thirds (66.7%) of the patients assessed. On follow-up, most patients presented almost complete resolution, although six patients required prednisone and antiaggregant drug treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows, for the first time to our knowledge, a high prevalence of cryofibrinogenemia in patients with chilblains during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cryofibrinogenemia could be implicated in the pathogenesis of chilblains related to COVID-19.
Subject(s)
Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification , Chilblains/blood , Coronavirus Infections/complications , Cryoglobulinemia/epidemiology , Pneumonia, Viral/complications , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Biopsy , COVID-19 , Chilblains/diagnosis , Chilblains/epidemiology , Chilblains/etiology , Child , Coronavirus Infections/blood , Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Cryoglobulinemia/blood , Cryoglobulinemia/diagnosis , Cryoglobulinemia/etiology , Cryoglobulins/analysis , Female , Fibrinogens, Abnormal/analysis , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral/blood , Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Prevalence , Prospective Studies , SARS-CoV-2 , Skin/pathology , Spain/epidemiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the leading causes of liver-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, affecting more than 70 million people. Approximately, between 55 % and 85 % of infected people will develop chronic HCV infection and between 15 % and 30 % of this group will develop liver cirrhosis and associated complications in the following 20-30 years. In our country, the seroprevalence of anti-HCV ranges from 0.8 to 1.2 % of adult population, while 0.2 % to 0.4 % show active HCV infection. In recent years, with the appearance of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs), which achieve cure rates of over 95 %, the elimination of HCV is a real possibility. In fact, in 2016 the World Health Organization (WHO) stablished a global strategy with the goal of achieving its elimination by 2030.
