[PLUTONIUM AND LIFETIME REDUCTION AMONG PROFESSIONAL WORKERS FSUE].

The objective of the study is the assessment of lifetime in the cohort of Mayak PA workers employed in 1948-1958 and exposed to incorporated Pu-239. The decrease of age at death 5.2 years among males and 6.6 years among females, and after the start of work--6.9 years among males and 7.7 years among females, with the increase of Pu-239 incorporation was shown. The association of the raised mortality rate from tumour causes is shown both among males and females, mainly due to malignant neoplasms of lung and live; which are organs of Pu-239 main deposition. For the first time related to Pu-239 incorporation decrease of age at death from tumour and non-tumour causes of main and secondary organs of deposition both among males and females was revealed. To assess the reduction of lifetime Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) were calculated per 10(5) person-years of potential life based on European gender standard. The calculations based on the obtained estimations showed significant dependence of YPLL on the level of Pu-239 incorporation. At that the main contribution to the increase of YPLL, i.e. to lifetime reduction, was due to radiation-induced decrease of the age at death as compared to radiation-induced increase of mortality rates.

[Interaction of genetic and radiation factors in the realization of effects of radiation in humans].

The results of the study of the interaction of genetic and radiation factors in the effects of radiation in humans exposed to external and (or) internal radiation are presented. In most cases, with relatively less radiation exposure genotypic differences in the effects of exposure were established to be absent. At high intensities of radiation exposure, however, these differences as a rule have reliable character. Interaction of genetic and radiation factors manifested in a wide range: from the mutual stimulation of primarily inactive factors to the higher than multiplicative one.

[The parameters of genetic variability and of selection in offsprings of exposed humans].

Mayak workers offsprings parameters of genetic variability including heterozygosity, genetic combinations, quantitative characteristics of genetic class reproduction, genetic identity and intervals, and parameters of selection including relative adaptation of genetic classes and mean adaptation depending on preconceptive doses of parents' exposure were studied. Genetic markers of Mayak workers, their children and grandchildren were defined. Children whose parents had preconceptive doses of more than 200 cGy in comparison with the control group had the heterozygosity reduction by Hp system and tendency to the mean heterozygosity reduction studied genetic system. Also they had modifications in the frequency of combinations of separate genotypes and blood groups, genetic identity reduction and genetic interval increasing, increasing of the mean adaptation and reduction of the mean coefficient of selection by genetic system of Hp. Consequently the children of workers, preconceptively exposed to gamma-radiation in doses over 200 cGy, are susceptive to the gametic selection on system of Hp that realizes at their conception. In grandchildren, whose grandparents had preconceptive doses over 200 cGy, no changes in genotype Hp distribution were detected compared to controls. The absence of changes in genotype Hp distribution in workers' grandchildren is accounted for the absence of increased preconceptive exposure doses of their parents (F1-children), as well as for their marriages to the individuals (in 94.3% of cases), whose parents didn't have high (over 200 cGy) preconceptive exposure doses.

[Distribution of genetic markers in offsprings of irradiated individuals].

For the estimation of radiation exposure on genetic processes in Mayak PA population we studied the distribution of a number of genetic markers in offsprings of Mayak PA workers depending on radiation (preconceptive and antenatal chronic exteral gamma-radiation) and non-radiation (age-sex characteristics of children and age characteristics of parents to the moment of conception) factors. Relatively unfavorable changes in distribution of genotypes and genes of haptoglobin genetic system in offsprings, whose parents (one or both) were exposed to external gamma-radiation in preconceptive cumulative dose of more than 200 cGy were detected. The most obvious reason of such changes may consist in directed gametic selection (Hp2 allele versus Hp1 allele) which turns out in abnormalities of segregation of Hp2-1 heterozygote that have both alleles. Effect of antenatal exposure on distribution of studied genetic markers in offspring of exposed population in studied dose range were not found. Homotypic changes in distribution of ABO bood groups and alleles in offspring of exposed and unexposed individuals depending on age characteristics of parents (middle age and age differences of both parents) for the moment of conception were also detected.

[Some health parameters in personnel contacting highly enriched uranium].

The authors analysed 20-years and longer observations over health state of personnel having occupational contact with highly enriched uranium. Findings are no determined effects as clinical manifestations of chronic uranium intoxication, presented by most frequently involved systems (hemopoietic, bronchopulmonary) and main organs accumulating uranium (liver, kidneys, bones). Long-term observations revealed malignancies in 11% of the examinees. Further medical observations over the personnel (risk group) are required to evaluate risk of aleatory effects in prolonged contact with various uranium compounds.

[The role of genetic factors in human radioresistance].

The role of genetic factors in the development of chronic radiation disease (CRD), mostly caused by occupational external gamma-exposure, was evaluated. The data of molecular genetic survey of a cohort of 985 workers at the nuclear power plant, the Mayak PA, were analyzed. Among the genetic markers tested, an association between the haptoglobin (Hp) genetic system and the development of CRD was established. It was demonstrated that the contribution of genetic factors to the CRD onset was realized not within the whole, but in a relatively narrow dose interval (70 to 400 cGy), i.e., was relative. Furthermore, at equal irradiation doses, relatively higher risk of CRD was observed among the Hp 2-2 phenotype carriers (1.96) compared to lower risk among the Hp 1-1 and Hp 2-1 phenotype carriers (0.64). It was shown that with the increase of the irradiation dose, genotypic differences in the CRD frequency decreased to the point of their complete disappearance. Comparison of the roles of the genetic factors in the onset of such deterministic irradiation effect as CRD, with their roles in the onset of lung cancer in tobacco smokers revealed similar patterns. A scheme of the relationships between the effector intensity and the differences in the genetically determined radioresistance is presented. The data obtained do not support the idea that the survivals of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were the most radioresistant individuals, who are not representative for evaluating the radiation risk.

[The estimation of the level of mutations at the glycophorin A locus in subjects exposed to the chronic action of ionizing radiation]. / Otsenka urovnia mutatsii v lokuse glikoforina A u lits, podvergavshikhsia khronicheskomu vozdeistviiu ioniziruiushchei radiatsii.

11 persons, who had been irradiated chronically at low dose rate under occupational conditions in 1950s in doses 220-581 cGy according data of individual film dosimeters, and 5 control persons were examined regarding the level of glycophorin A (GPA) mutation type NO and NN in blood erythrocytes. Significantly higher level of GPA mutations type NO was registered in average in the group of exposed persons (23.2 +/- 4.6 x 10(-6)) compared with the control group (10.2 +/- 2.1 x 10(-6)) through the dose dependence was expressed slightly. The coefficient of the linear regression has equaled (2.3 +/- 1.2 x 10(-6)) Gy. The outlook on GPA assay usage in retrospective biodosimetry is discussed.

[Genotype analysis of biochemical status in people irradiated with significant doses of radiation]. / Genotipicheskii analiz biokhimicheskogo statusa u liudei, obluchennykh v znachitel'nykh dozakh.

416 workers of the enterprise of a nuclear industry aged from 52 to 78 years exposed to chronic influence of external gamma-irradiation in summary dozes 1.0-7.56 Gy and plutonium-239 incorporation, (in 32.3% of cases exceeding the allowable limit) were studied. A correlation between a complex of 26 biochemical and immunochemical parameters and the radiating factors was investigated at different haptoglobin genotypes (Hp). It was established, that the greatest number of changes of biochemical parameters related to radiating influence, was observed at the people with a genotype Hp 2-2 (7 parameters), to a lesser degree--at a genotype Hp 2-1 (5 parameters) and in some more smaller degree--at a genotype Hp 1-1 (4 parameters). All investigated people with a genotype 2-2 were characterised by increase of serum protein entropy.

[Age-related dynamics of the genetic marker distribution in an irradiated population. Haptoglobin genetic system]. / Voztastnaia dinamika raspredeleniia geneticheskikh markerov v obluchennoi populiatsii. Geneticheskaia sistema gaptoglobina.

The age dynamics of haptoglobin (Hp) type and allele distribution was studied in 985 workers aged 35-79 years who worked in the atomic industry. These workers were exposed to chronic radiation in a wide range of doses 17-40 years ago. Along with the chi 2 test, the relative and attributive risks of elimination of Hp types and alleles were determined to obtain the qualitative characteristics of age alterations. The substantial changes in distribution of Hp types and alleles were revealed in individuals older than 60 years. These changes depended on doses of external and internal irradiation. For instance, in individuals of this age group, who received the total dose of gamma-radiation (less than 100 cGy) and or that of plutonium-239 incorporation (less than 1.48 kBq), a decrease in Hp 2-2 and Hp2 and an increase in Hp 1-1 and Hp1 was observed. However, among the individuals of similar age (older than 62 years), who received a higher total dose of external and/or internal radiation, the different Hp type distribution showed a decrease in Hp 2-1 and an increase in Hp 1-1. In the latter case, the changes with age were dose-dependent. In individuals over 60 years of age with essential hypertension or diabetes mellitus and those who had a myocardial infarction, a decrease in Hp 2-2 and Hp2 and an increase in Hp 1-1 and Hp1 were found. This explains the changes with age in individuals irradiated at lower doses. The peculiar changes with age in individuals irradiated at higher doses are possibly due to the difference in morbidity and mortality from malignancy in various Hp type carriers.

[Analysis of the connection between the level of protein fractions and immunoglobulins in blood serum with irradiation in nuclear power enterprise workers]. / Analiz sviazi soderzhaniia belkovykh fraktsii i immunoglobulinov syvorotki krovi s oblucheniem u rabotnikov predpriiatiia atomnoi promyshlennosti.

989 workers of atomic industry at the age from 35 to 78 years old subjected to the general external gamma radiation and incorporation of plutonium 239 in a wide range of doses about 17-40 years ago have been examined for the protein indices with the radiation effect bearing in mind nine non-radiation factors. The step-by-step regression analysis revealed a positive linear link for the total protein level, absolute content of alpha-I-globulins with the total dose of external gamma radiation. Increasing of serum proteins entropy, correlated with external radiation by protein shifts effect, had not coincided with its age increasing. The influence of plutonium-239 incorporation on the examined protein parameters was not found.

[Uric acid in blood serum and incidence of hyperuricemia in irradiated people. Connection with radioactive and nonradioactive factors]. / Mochevaia kislota syvorotki krovi i rasprostranennost' giperurikemii u obluchennykh liudei, sviaz' s radiatsionnymi i neradiatsionnymi faktorami.

A total of 1,002 workers aged 36 to 72 years who were engaged in atomic industry and exposed to external gamma-irradiation and incorporated plutonium 239 in a wide dosage range. The levels of uric acid (UA), the incidence of hyperuricemia and their association with 2 radiation and 12 nonradiation factors were studied in the examinees. There was a positive correlation between the purine metabolic parameters and the total dosage of external gamma-irradiation, sex (UC levels were higher in males than in females), body weight index, essential hypertension, and the type of haptoglobin 1-1. The influence of nonradiation factors on the parameters in question were substantially greater than that of external irradiation. Linear regression equations were derived for the dependence of the levels of UA and hyperuricemia upon the influencing factors.

[Distribution of haptoglobin types and their significance in biochemical and immunologic indicators in persons exposed to low radiation doses]. / Raspredelenie tipov gaptoglobina i ikh znachenie v izmeneniiakh biokhimicheskikh i immunologicheskikh pokazatelei u liudei, obluchennykh v malykh dozakh.

Haptoglobin (Hp) polymorphism and its significance for changes in biochemical and immunological parameters was analyzed in personnel of a nuclear plant receiving doses of external and internal irradiation close to maximum permissible levels. The distribution of Hp types and frequencies of alleles Hp in the group of probands asa a whole (1-1 - 14.1%; 2-1 - 49.2%; and 2-2 - 36.7%) and in probands subjected to different types and doses of irradiation (1-1, 13.6 - 16.0%; 2-1, 47.8 - 50.5%; and 2-2:35.8 - 38.2%) did not differ from those expected or from corresponding parameters of the control group and population. An increase in the frequency of allele Hp was observed for persons over 60 years of age. It was found that the levels of uric acid, the activities of acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and its isozymes, and the content of certain lymphocyte classes and immune complexes are initially higher in carriers of Hp type 1-1. In these probands, changes in certain parameters related to irradiation were observed less frequently. In some cases, opposite changes in immunological parameters were observed in persons with different Hp types after internal irradiation.

[Distribution of haptoglobin genotypes among persons subjected to chronic occupational irradiation in significant doses]. / Otsenka raspredeleniia genotipov gaptoglobina u liudei, podvergshikhsia khronicheskomu professional'nomu oblucheniiu v znachitel'nykh dozakh.

Haptoglobin (Hp) genotype distribution was studied on 508 individuals from 52 to 78 years of age exposed 35-40 years ago to occupational chronic irradiation at doses considerably exceeding the maximally allowable level. Essential and noncoinciding changes in Hp genotype distribution were found among individuals who were exposed to total doses of external chi-irradiation exceeding 500 cGy or with 239-Pu incorporation exceeding 7.4 kBq. Irradiation-induced changes differed from age-dependent shifts in genotype distribution. It was suggested that variation of mortality from malignancies among individuals with different Hp genotypes might be the cause of these changes.

[Haptoglobin phenotypes and biochemical parameters of blood serum]. / Fenotipy gaptoglobina i biokhimicheskie pokazateli syvorotki krovi.

Haptoglobin (Hp) phenotypes were determined in 646 subjects aged 25 to 76. Hp phenotype distribution in the examinees (13.6% for type 1-1; 49.4% for type 2-1; and 37.0% for type 2-2) was found as expected. Levels of eighteen metabolic, enzymatic, hormonal, and immunologic blood serum parameters were studied in subjects with various Hp phenotypes. Elevated levels of uric acid (by 12%, p < 0.01) and lactate dehydrogenase activity (by 7%, p < 0.05) in Hp 1-1 type were revealed as against other Hp types. A higher uric acid level in Hp 1-1 type was found in subjects of different age and both sexes, whereas LDH activity elevation was observed only in men aged over 55.

[Metabolic processes in humans exposed to high doses of chronic radiation]. / Sostoianie obmennykh protsessov u liudei, podvergavshikhsia khronicheskomu radiatsionnomu vozdeistviiu v znachitel'nykh dozakh.

The study covered the metabolic parameters in a total of 390 workers of atomic industry, who received the total surface dose of gamma rays equal to 1.0-7.5 Gy and periodic excessive incorporation of plutonium-239. The authors described age- and sex-matched radiation-induced moderate changes in metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, proteins and the compromised activity of enzymes. The most distinct changes were seem in the people, who had received the total surface dose of gamma rays over 4.0 Gy. The metabolic changes were individually evaluated by an integral biochemical index, which proved the strong correlation with radiation.

[Haptoglobin phenotypes and serum enzyme activity]. / Fenotipy gaptoglobina i aktivnost' syvorotochnykh fermentov.

Haptoglobin (Hp) phenotypes were determined by thin-layer polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 2071 normal Russians, Tatars, and Bashkirs. Hp phenotype distribution was found similar in these populations, making up 13.4% for Hp 1-1, 48% for Hp 1-2, 38.6% for Hp 2-2. Hp1 gene incidence (0.37) was characteristic of the European populations. Serum alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities were similar in all the three Hp phenotypes. Alanine and aspartate aminotransferases and acid phosphatase activities were higher in Hp 1-1 phenotype by 25, 15, and 15 percent, respectively.