ABSTRACT
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Endometrial thickness has been regarded a predictor of success in assisted reproductive technology cycles and it seems a common practice to cancel embryo transfer when it is below a cut-off. However, various cut-offs have been proposed without a causal relationship between endometrial thickness and embryo implantation being established, casting doubt on the current dogma. RECENT FINDINGS: Methodological limitations of the available studies on endometrial thickness are increasingly recognized and better designed studies do not demonstrate a cut-off value which requires cancelling an embryo transfer. SUMMARY: Endometrium is important for implantation and a healthy pregnancy; however, ultrasound measured thickness does not seem to be a good marker of endometrial function.
Subject(s)
Embryo Implantation , Embryo Transfer , Endometrium , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Embryo Implantation/physiology , Embryo Transfer/methods , Endometrium/diagnostic imaging , Reproductive Techniques, Assisted , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review is to gather and synthesize evidence regarding the use of oral gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist for the treatment of bleeding associated with uterine myomas. DATA SOURCES: Web of Science, and MEDLINE databases were searched electronically on March 5, 2021, using combinations of the relevant Medical Subject Headings terms and keywords. The search was restricted to the English language and to human studies. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: Only randomized controlled trials involving patients with heavy menstrual bleeding associated with uterine myomas treated with different doses of oral nonpeptide GnRH antagonists with or without add-back therapy were included. Studies comparing oral nonpeptide GnRH antagonists with treatments other than placebo were also excluded. TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS: A total of 5 randomized trials including 2463 women were included in the analyses. Included studies were found to be at low risk of bias. When treatments were compared against placebo, the top 3 treatments for bleeding suppression were elagolix 600 mg, 400 mg, and 200 mg without add-back. Elagolix 600 mg without add-back therapy had a significantly higher risk of amenorrhea than lower doses of elagolix with and without add-back and relugolix as well. Uterine volume changes were more pronounced in therapies without add-back. All treatments were associated with significantly improved quality of life scores, both for myoma symptom-related and overall health-related scores. With the exception of relugolix with high-dose add-back, all treatments significantly increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Again, all treatment modalities except for elagolix 200 mg without add-back significantly increased LDL-to-HDL ratio. The increase was highest for treatment without add-back therapy. CONCLUSION: Oral GnRH antagonists seem to be effective for myoma-associated bleeding and for improving quality of life. The safety profile is acceptable for short-term use, but lipid metabolism is affected.
Subject(s)
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone , Hormone Antagonists , Myoma , Uterine Hemorrhage , Uterine Neoplasms , Administration, Oral , Female , Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/antagonists & inhibitors , Hormone Antagonists/administration & dosage , Humans , Male , Myoma/complications , Myoma/drug therapy , Network Meta-Analysis , Uterine Hemorrhage/drug therapy , Uterine Hemorrhage/etiology , Uterine Neoplasms/complications , Uterine Neoplasms/drug therapyABSTRACT
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To discuss optimal management of an assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycle in women with endometriosis. RECENT FINDINGS: New studies involving euploid embryo transfers provide more insight on the etiology of endometriosis-associated infertility. Oocyte competence to reach live birth seems unlikely to be affected by the disease. Routine medical or surgical treatment prior to an ART cycle does not appear beneficial. Short gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist or progestin primed ovarian stimulation protocols seem to be proper first choices, depending on the intention for a fresh embryo transfer. Low-quality evidence supports frozen thawed over fresh embryo transfer. Ovarian stimulation for ART does not seem to be associated with symptom progression or recurrence. SUMMARY: How endometriosis affects fertility is still unclear, but ART is an effective pragmatic treatment. Each woman with endometriosis must be assessed with a holistic approach, and in the absence of an indication for otherwise, ART cycles can be kept simple with patient-friendly protocols. Whether a frozen embryo transfer is better than a fresh one should be investigated.
