Entanglement of Trapped-Ion Qubits Separated by 230 Meters.

We report on an elementary quantum network of two atomic ions separated by 230 m. The ions are trapped in different buildings and connected with 520(2) m of optical fiber. At each network node, the electronic state of an ion is entangled with the polarization state of a single cavity photon; subsequent to interference of the photons at a beam splitter, photon detection heralds entanglement between the two ions. Fidelities of up to (88.0+2.2-4.7)% are achieved with respect to a maximally entangled Bell state, with a success probability of 4×10^{-5}. We analyze the routes to improve these metrics, paving the way for long-distance networks of entangled quantum processors.

Release of gentamicin from bone regenerative materials: an in vitro study.

Antibiotic loading of bone regenerative materials is a promising way to protect augmentation procedures from infection during the resorption phase of bone substitutes. Especially in the early stage of implantation, it should protect the grafted site against microbiological pathogens. The present study reports the release kinetics of gentamicin after loading from two synthetic bone filling materials. The first, BONITmatrix, is a biphasic calcium phosphate silica composite obtained by the sol-gel route consisting of 13% silicon dioxide (w/w) and calcium phosphates (hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate 60/40 w/w). The second, Synthacer, is a sintered hydroxyapatite ceramic. Gentamicin was loaded by dipping and by vacuum coating. Release kinetics of the loaded Gentamicin was investigated by fluorescence polarization immunoassay and by staphylococcus aureus assay. By dipping, loading failed for Synthacer, and it was 12.7 mg gentamicin per gram bone substitute for BONITmatrix. By vacuum coating, loading was 11.3 mg gentamicin per gram bone substitute for Synthacer and 7.4 mg gentamicin per gram bone substitute for BONITmatrix. Distinct release kinetics were measured. For Synthacer, a high initial release was followed by a lower protracted release level up to 28 days. For BONITmatrix release was continuous over the investigated 70-day period. The present data suggest that the porosity properties at the nano- and microscopic levels, or the composition are responsible for antibiotic loading and subsequent release.

Effects of 5-fluorouracil and 2 alpha-methyldihydrotestosterone propionate on the growth of human breast carcinoma MCF-7 in vitro.

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and 2 alpha-methyldihydrotestosterone propionate (MDTP) have effectively induced complete regressions of induced rat mammary carcinomas; in combination, regressions were additive and synergistic. Present aims were to determine whether similar antitumor effects were obtainable with a human mammary carcinoma, MCF-7, and to affirm the synergism of 5-FU and MDTP. After incubation in vitro for 3 days and exposure to drug for another 2 days, cell counts and/or determinations of total cell protein revealed growth inhibitions of 16-87% by 5-FU at 130-1300 micrograms/ml and 16-94% by MDTP at 0.36-360.5 micrograms/ml. Combinations of 5-FU and MDTP at the same inhibitory doses (ID) yielded approximately additive growth inhibitions. Algebraic and geometric (isobole) methods of analyses showed that these inhibitions were additive or synergistic, depending on the iso-effective dose used. Precursor incorporation into macromolecules also showed approximately additive effects for MCF-7 cells treated with 5-FU and MDTP, each at ID15. These data demonstrate significant additive growth-inhibitory activity of 5-FU and MDTP in combination against MCF-7 in vitro, thus affirming their antitumor effects in vivo.

Therapy of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary carcinomas with combinations of 5-fluorouracil and 2 alpha-methyldihydrotestosterone propionate.

This investigation was undertaken to determine whether a combination of a cytotoxic drug with a sex hormone would provide efficacious therapy for mammary carcinomas. Established, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary carcinomas were treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FUra) and 2 alpha-methyldihydrotestosterone propionate (MDTP) for 4 weeks. At end of therapy, pooled data showed 21% of the tumors in complete remission (CR) in rats given 5-FUra at 17.5 mg/kg/day and 3% in those given 8 mg/kg/day. Administration of MDTP at 1.25 to 5 mg/kg/day yielded 15 to 48% tumor CR. The combination of 5-FUra at 17.5 mg/kg/day with MDTP at 5, 2.5, and 1.25 mg/kg/day induced, respectively, 96, 91, and 75% CR. Maxima of 100, 100, and 92% CR were obtained in single tests at these respective doses. Therapy with combinations of 5-FUra at 8 mg/day and MDTP at 2.5 and 1.25 mg/kg/day yielded, respectively, 69 and 61% tumor CR. Appearance of new tumors during and after therapy was controlled more effectively by combinations of the two agents. Analysis of percentage of tumor CR showed marked synergism for 5-FUra and MDTP. A second course of combination therapy effectively prolonged duration of CR. Therapy with the cytotoxic drug 5-FUra in combination with the androgen analog MDTP is highly efficacious against induced mammary carcinomas.

Increased incidence of mammary tumors in rats after direct or transplacental exposure to 3-hydroxyxanthine.

Rats were exposed directly or transplacentally to the carcinogenic purine N-oxide 3-hydroxyxanthine (3-OH-X). Among female noninbred Wistar rats given 3-OH-X sc, beginning at suckling or weaning ages, there was a significantly greater proportion of mammary tumor bearers and a higher mean number of mammary tumors per rat than among controls. This effect was seen even at low doses producing no other neoplasms such as hepatic carcinomas or fibrosarcomas and fibromas at the site of injection. Noninbred Sprague-Dawley rats, treated transplacentally with 3-OH-X by ip injection into pregnant females, also also had a significantly greater incidence of mammary tumors than did controls.

Oncogenicity of purine 3-oxide and unsubstituted purine in rats.

Injection s.c. of purine 3-oxide into Wistar rats resulted in the appearance of sarcomas and fibromas at the interscapular site of administration, carcinomas in the liver, and a high incidence of s.c. fibromas in the hip at a distance from the site of injection. A small number of liver tumors but not tumors at the injection site appeared in rats to which the parent compound, purine, was administered. Oxidation of purine 3-oxide by xanthine oxidase was found to occur in two steps to yield the potent oncogen 3-hydroxyxanthine. A similar process may occur in vivo since a protein preparation from rat s.c. tissue has similar oxidizing activity.

Antitumor tests of amygdalin in transplantable animal tumor systems.

Except for oral administration, there was no grossly observed toxicity from carefully administered high doses of amygdalin in the experimental systems used. The compound in high doses was ineffective against the DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinoma and the following transplanted experimental tumors: Sarcoma 180, plasma cell tumor LPC-1, leukemia L1210, Mecca lymphosarcoma, Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma, sarcoma T241, mammary carcinoma E0771, Taper liver tumor, Ehrlich carcinoma (solid and ascites), and Walker carcinosarcoma 256. Amygdalin did not noticeably influence the toxicity or impair the efficacy of these chemotherapeutic agents in their respective systems: Cytosine arabinoside, methotrexate, cytoxan, or 5-fluorouracil in L1210; the latter two in LPC-1; 6-mercaptopurine in Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma; estradiol-17beta or 2alpha-methyldihydrotestosterone propionate in the DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinoma.

Comparative effects of a series of prolactin inhibitors, 17beta-estradiol and 2alpha-methyldihydrotestosterone propionate, on growth of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary carcinomas.

Eight ergot alkaloids and ergoline derivatives, effective prolactin inhibitors, were tested for activity against DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinomas. Compounds were administered daily, 5 times/week for 4 weeks, and rats were observed for an additional 4 weeks. Groups treated with androgen and estrogen were used as positive controls. Those ergot compounds and ergolines that proved to be highly effective in reducing tumor size or in inducing regression of tumors to nonpalpability were Deprenon (D-6-methyl-8-ergolin-I-ylacetic acid amide) and ergocryptine; effective to an intermediate degree were Dironyl [N-(D-6-methyl-8-isoergolin-I-yl)-N',N'-diethylurea], ergocornine, and Lysenyl [N-(D-6-methyl-8-isoergolenyl)-N',N'-diethyl-urea]; and effective to a minimal degree were Lergotrile (2-chloro-6-methylergoline-8beta-acetonitrile), CB-154, and 6605-VUFB (D-6-methyl-8-cyanomethylergolin-I). Remission of many individual carcinomas was brief, and duration of complete regression (all tumors in the rat were nonpalpable) was less than 10 weeks.

Potentiation of T-cell mediated immunity by levamisole.

Cell-mediated immunity is a requirement for recognition and elimination of cells and for prevention or treatment of a variety of diseases. Therefore, the development of a product potentially active in increasing immunity involves its testing in assays specific for cell-mediated immunity. The effectiveness of a single administration of levamisole was demonstrated in the rejection of isografts in a male to female C57BL/6 system, and on the enhancement of levels of the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to sheep red cells (SRBC). Indeed, in five on nine tests, an injection of 25 mg/kg of levamisole to female recipients either on the day of grafting or 7 days after grafting resulted in a RT50% rejection time of 25 days, compared with 46 days in untreated controls. Levamisole administered at the time of immunization with various doses of SRBC elicited earlier, higher and more sustained DTH levels than in untreated controls. Such induction of T-cell activation was accompanied by a switch on anti-SRBC antibodies from IgM to IgG. These findings confirm and extend data evidencing the ability of levamisole to recruit and activate T cells for an increased or restored cell-mediated immunity.