ASAS-NANP SYMPOSIUM: RUMINANT/NONRUMINANT FEED COMPOSITION: Challenges and opportunities associated with creating large feed composition tables.

Traditional feed composition tables have been a useful tool in the field of animal nutrition throughout the last 70 yr. The objective of this paper is to discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with creating large feed ingredient composition tables. This manuscript will focus on three topics discussed during the National Animal Nutrition Program (NANP) Symposium in ruminant and nonruminant nutrition carried out at the American Society of Animal Science Annual Meeting in Austin, TX, on July 11, 2019, namely: 1) Using large datasets in feed composition tables and the importance of standard deviation in nutrient composition as well as different methods to obtain accurate standard deviation values, 2) Discussing the importance of fiber in animal nutrition and the evaluation of different methods to estimate fiber content of feeds, and 3) Description of novel feed sources, such as insects, algae, and single-cell protein, and challenges associated with the inclusion of such feeds in feed composition tables. Development of feed composition tables presents important challenges. For instance, large datasets provided by different sources tend to have errors and misclassifications. In addition, data are in different file formats, data structures, and feed classifications. Managing such large databases requires computers with high processing power and software that are also able to run automated procedures to consolidate files, to screen out outlying observations, and to detect misclassified records. Complex algorithms are necessary to identify misclassified samples and outliers aimed to obtain accurate nutrient composition values. Fiber is an important nutrient for both monogastrics and ruminants. Currently, there are several methods available to estimate the fiber content of feeds. However, many of them do not estimate fiber accurately. Total dietary fiber should be used as the standard method to estimate fiber concentrations in feeds. Finally, novel feed sources are a viable option to replace traditional feed sources from a nutritional perspective, but the large variation in nutrient composition among batches makes it difficult to provide reliable nutrient information to be tabulated. Further communication and cooperation among different stakeholders in the animal industry are required to produce reliable data on the nutrient composition to be published in feed composition tables.

Flexibilidad, equilibrio dinámico y estabilidad del core para la prevención de lesiones en deportistas universitarios / Flexibility, dynamic balance and core stability for injury prevention in university athletes

Introducción: El deporte competitivo demanda un intensivo acondicionamiento físico que conlleva a un mayor riesgo de lesión que afectan la salud, el rendimiento físico, la participación en los entrenamientos, las competencias y los logros deportivos. Objetivo: Determinar las características de la estabilidad del core, el equilibrio dinámico de miembros inferiores y la flexibilidad en deportistas universitarios. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal, con 86 deportistas universitarios que corresponden al 25% de la población universitaria. Se evaluó la estabilidad del core, el equilibrio dinámico de miembros inferiores y flexibilidad de la cadena posterior, hombro y cadera; se tuvo en cuenta la guía de valoración para la prevención de lesiones del lineamiento de política pública en ciencias del deporte. Resultados: El 83,7% de atletas presentaron un índice de masa corporal normal, el 47,5% mostró una flexibilidad promedio en el Sit and Reach, sin presencia de retracciones en cadera. Respecto al core el 77,9% de los participantes presentaron una mala estabilidad y el 47% riesgo de lesión, producto de las diferencias entre las extremidades inferiores en el equilibrio dinámico. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren implementar programas de prevención de lesiones para deportistas universitarios.

Introduction: Competitive sports demand intensive physical conditioning that leads to an increased risk of injury, consequently affecting the health, physical performance, participation in training, competition, and sport achievements of athletes. Objective: To determine core stability, lower limb dynamic balance and flexibility characteristics in university athletes. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study with 86 university athletes, which corresponds to 25% of the university population. Core stability, lower limb dynamic balance, and flexibility of the posterior chain, shoulders and hip region were evaluated. The assessment guide from the public policy guidelines in sports sciences for the prevention of injuries was taken into account. Results: 83.7% of athletes displayed a normal body mass index and 47.5% showed an average flexibility in the Sit and Reach test without the presence of hip retractions. Regarding the core, 77.9% of the participants showed a poor stability and 47% had a risk of injury due to the differences between the lower extremities in the dynamic balance. Conclusions: These results suggest implementing injury prevention programs for university athletes.

Performance of human observers and an automatic 3-dimensional computer-vision-based locomotion scoring method to detect lameness and hoof lesions in dairy cows.

The objective of this study was to determine if a 3-dimensional computer vision automatic locomotion scoring (3D-ALS) method was able to outperform human observers for classifying cows as lame or nonlame and for detecting cows affected and nonaffected by specific type(s) of hoof lesion. Data collection was carried out in 2 experimental sessions (5 mo apart). In every session all cows were assessed for (1) locomotion by 2 observers (Obs1 and Obs2) and by a 3D-ALS; and (2) identification of different types of hoof lesions during hoof trimming (i.e., skin and horn lesions and combinations of skin/horn lesions and skin/hyperplasia). Performances of observers and 3D-ALS for classifying cows as lame or nonlame and for detecting cows affected or nonaffected by types of lesion were estimated using the percentage of agreement (PA), kappa coefficient (κ), sensitivity (SEN), and specificity (SPE). Observers and 3D-ALS showed similar SENlame values for classifying lame cows as lame (SENlame comparison Obs1-Obs2 = 74.2%; comparison observers-3D-ALS = 73.9-71.8%). Specificity values for classifying nonlame cows as nonlame were lower for 3D-ALS when compared with observers (SPEnonlame comparison Obs1-Obs2 = 88.5%; comparison observers-3D-ALS = 65.3-67.8%). Accordingly, overall performance of 3D-ALS for classifying cows as lame and nonlame was lower than observers (Obs1-Obs2 comparison PAlame/nonlame = 84.2% and κlame/nonlame = 0.63; observers-3D-ALS comparisons PAlame/nonlame = 67.7-69.2% and κlame/nonlame = 0.33-0.36). Similarly, observers and 3D-ALS had comparable and moderate SENlesion values for detecting horn (SENlesion Obs1 = 68.6%; Obs2 = 71.4%; 3D-ALS = 75.0%) and combinations of skin/horn lesions (SENlesion Obs1 = 51.1%; Obs2 = 64.5%; 3D-ALS = 53.3%). The SPEnonlesion values for detecting cows without lesions when classified as nonlame were lower for 3D-ALS than for observers (SPEnonlesion Obs1 = 83.9%; Obs2 = 80.2%; 3D-ALS = 60.2%). This was translated into a poor overall performance of 3D-ALS for detecting cows affected and nonaffected by horn lesions (PAlesion/nonlesion Obs1 = 80.6%; Obs2 = 78.3%; 3D-ALS = 63.5% and κlesion/nonlesion Obs1 = 0.48; Obs2 = 0.44; 3D-ALS = 0.25) and skin/horn lesions (PAlesion/nonlesion Obs1 = 75.1%; Obs2 = 75.9%; 3D-ALS = 58.6% and κlesion/nonlesion Obs1 = 0.35; Obs2 = 0.42; 3D-ALS = 0.10), when compared with observers. Performance of observers and 3D-ALS for detecting skin lesions was poor (SENlesion for Obs1, Obs2, and 3D-ALS <40%). Comparable SENlame and SENlesion values for observers and 3D-ALS are explained by an overestimation of lameness by 3D-ALS when compared with observers. Thus, comparable SENlame and SENlesion were reached at the expense high number of false positives and low SPEnonlame and SPEnonlesion. Considering that observers and 3D-ALS showed similar performance for classifying cows as lame and for detecting horn and combinations of skin/horn lesions, the 3D-ALS could be a useful tool for supporting dairy farmers in their hoof health management.

Relation between observed locomotion traits and locomotion score in dairy cows.

Lameness is still an important problem in modern dairy farming. Human observation of locomotion, by looking at different traits in one go, is used in practice to assess locomotion. The objectives of this article were to determine which individual locomotion traits are most related to locomotion scores in dairy cows, and whether experienced raters are capable of scoring these individual traits consistently. Locomotion and 5 individual locomotion traits (arched back, asymmetric gait, head bobbing, reluctance to bear weight, and tracking up) were scored independently on a 5-level scale for 58 videos of different cows. Videos were shown to 10 experienced raters in 2 different scoring sessions. Relations between locomotion score and traits were estimated by 3 logistic regression models aiming to calculate the size of the fixed effects on the probability of scoring a cow in 1 of the 5 levels of the scale (model 1) and the probability of classifying a cow as lame (locomotion score ≥3; model 2) or as severely lame (locomotion score ≥4; model 3). Fixed effects were rater, session, traits, and interactions among fixed effects. Odds ratios were calculated to estimate the relative probability to classify a cow as lame when an altered (trait score ≥3) or severely altered trait (trait score ≥4) was present. Overall intrarater and interrater reliability and agreement were calculated as weighted kappa coefficient (κw) and percentage of agreement, respectively. Specific intrarater and interrater agreement for individual levels within a 5-level scale were calculated. All traits were significantly related to the locomotion score when scored with a 5-level scale and when classified as (severely) lame or nonlame. Odds ratios for altered and severely altered traits were 10.8 and 14.5 for reluctance to bear weight, 6.5 and 7.2 for asymmetric gait, and 4.8 and 3.2 for arched back, respectively. Raters showed substantial variation in reliability and agreement values when scoring traits. The acceptance threshold for overall intrarater reliability (κw ≥0.60) was exceeded by locomotion scoring and all traits. Overall interrater reliability values ranged from κw=0.53 for tracking up to κw=0.61 for reluctance to bear weight. Intrarater and interrater agreement were below the acceptance threshold (percentage of agreement <75%). Most traits tended to have lower specific intrarater and interrater agreement in level 3 and 5 of the scale. In conclusion, raters had difficulties in scoring locomotion traits consistently, especially slight alterations were difficult to detect by experienced raters. Yet, the locomotion traits reluctance to bear weight, asymmetric gait, and arched back had the strongest relation with the locomotion score. These traits should have priority in locomotion-scoring-system guidelines and are the best to be used for the development of automated locomotion scoring systems.

An automatic method for the enrichment of DICOM metadata using biomedical ontologies.

This work is a novel contribution for enriching medical images using semantic annotations with a strategy for unifying different ontologies and instances of DICOM medical files. We present the L-MOM library (Library for Mapping of Ontological Metadata) as a tool for making an automatic mapping between instances of DICOM medical files and different medical ontologies (e.g., FMA, RadLex, MeSH). The main contributions are: i) the domain independent L-MOM library which is able to integrate DICOM metadata with ontologies from different domains; ii) a strategy to automatically annotate DICOM data with universally accepted medical ontologies, and provide values of similarity between ontologies and DICOM metadata; and iii) a framework to traverse ontological concepts that characterized clinical studies of patients registered in the framework catalog.

Effect of merging levels of locomotion scores for dairy cows on intra- and interrater reliability and agreement.

Locomotion scores are used for lameness detection in dairy cows. In research, locomotion scores with 5 levels are used most often. Analysis of scores, however, is done after transformation of the original 5-level scale into a 4-, 3-, or 2-level scale to improve reliability and agreement. The objective of this study was to evaluate different ways of merging levels to optimize resolution, reliability, and agreement of locomotion scores for dairy cows. Locomotion scoring was done by using a 5-level scale and 10 experienced raters in 2 different scoring sessions from videos from 58 cows. Intra- and interrater reliability and agreement were calculated as weighted kappa coefficient (κw) and percentage of agreement (PA), respectively. Overall intra- and interrater reliability and agreement and specific intra- and interrater agreement were determined for the 5-level scale and after transformation into 4-, 3-, and 2-level scales by merging different combinations of adjacent levels. Intrarater reliability (κw) ranged from 0.63 to 0.86, whereas intrarater agreement (PA) ranged from 60.3 to 82.8% for the 5-level scale. Interrater κw=0.28 to 0.84 and interrater PA=22.6 to 81.8% for the 5-level scale. The specific intrarater agreement was 76.4% for locomotion level 1, 68.5% for level 2, 65% for level 3, 77.2% for level 4, and 80% for level 5. Specific interrater agreement was 64.7% for locomotion level 1, 57.5% for level 2, 50.8% for level 3, 60% for level 4, and 45.2% for level 5. Specific intra- and interrater agreement suggested that levels 2 and 3 were more difficult to score consistently compared with other levels in the 5-level scale. The acceptance threshold for overall intra- and interrater reliability (κw and κ ≥0.6) and agreement (PA ≥75%) and specific intra- and interrater agreement (≥75% for all levels within locomotion score) was exceeded only for the 2-level scale when the 5 levels were merged as (12)(345) or (123)(45). In conclusion, when locomotion scoring is performed by experienced raters without further training together, the lowest specific intra- and interrater agreement was obtained in levels 2 and 3 of the 5-level scale. Acceptance thresholds for overall intra- and interrater reliability and agreement and specific intra- and interrater agreement were exceeded only in the 2-level scale.

Manual and automatic locomotion scoring systems in dairy cows: a review.

The objective of this review was to describe, compare and evaluate agreement, reliability, and validity of manual and automatic locomotion scoring systems (MLSSs and ALSSs, respectively) used in dairy cattle lameness research. There are many different types of MLSSs and ALSSs. Twenty-five MLSSs were found in 244 articles. MLSSs use different types of scale (ordinal or continuous) and different gait and posture traits need to be observed. The most used MLSS (used in 28% of the references) is based on asymmetric gait, reluctance to bear weight, and arched back, and is scored on a five-level scale. Fifteen ALSSs were found that could be categorized according to three approaches: (a) the kinetic approach measures forces involved in locomotion, (b) the kinematic approach measures time and distance of variables associated to limb movement and some specific posture variables, and (c) the indirect approach uses behavioural variables or production variables as indicators for impaired locomotion. Agreement and reliability estimates were scarcely reported in articles related to MLSSs. When reported, inappropriate statistical methods such as PABAK and Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were commonly used. Some of the most frequently used MLSSs were poorly evaluated for agreement and reliability. Agreement and reliability estimates for the original four-, five- or nine-level MLSS, expressed in percentage of agreement, kappa and weighted kappa, showed large ranges among and sometimes also within articles. After the transformation into a two-level scale, agreement and reliability estimates showed acceptable estimates (percentage of agreement ≥ 75%; kappa and weighted kappa ≥ 0.6), but still estimates showed a large variation between articles. Agreement and reliability estimates for ALSSs were not reported in any article. Several ALSSs use MLSSs as a reference for model calibration and validation. However, varying agreement and reliability estimates of MLSSs make a clear definition of a lameness case difficult, and thus affect the validity of ALSSs. MLSSs and ALSSs showed limited validity for hoof lesion detection and pain assessment. The utilization of MLSSs and ALSSs should aim to the prevention and efficient management of conditions that induce impaired locomotion. Long-term studies comparing MLSSs and ALSSs while applying various strategies to detect and control unfavourable conditions leading to impaired locomotion are required to determine the usefulness of MLSSs and ALSSs for securing optimal production and animal welfare in practice.

Metodología de educación de adultos en salud y saneamiento / Adult education in health and sanitation methodology

Contiene: Identificación de necesidades de capacitación; Curso de formación de capacitadores en metodología; Metodología de educación de adultos; Población elegida; Objetivos educativos; Diseño de un programa educativo; Aprendiendo a sistematizar nuestra experiencia; Necesidad de la sistematización; La sistematización de la capacitación; Las dinámicas de grupo

Antibioticoterapia de las infecciones respiratorias agudas en niños menores de 5 años / Antibiotic therapy of acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years

La publicación describe los medios adecuados para posibilitar un rápido diagnóstico y de fácil aprendizaje para la población, para que ésta llegue a tiempo de instaurar un tratamiento de antibioterapia eficaz y al alcance de todos

Antibioticoterapia de las infecciones respiratorias agudas en niños menores de 5 años / Antibiotic therapy of acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years

La presente publicación describe los medios adecuados para posibilitar un rápido diagnóstico y de fácil aprendizaje para la población, para que ésta llegue a tiempo de instaurar un tratamiento de antibioterapia eficaz y al alcance de todos(AU)

Sífilis congénita: comunicación de seis casos / Congenital syphilis: communication of six cases

Se presenta seis casos de lactantes menores de 4 meses con sífilis congénita. Ninguna de las madres había tenido control prenatal. Todas procedían de sectores populares. Se destacan los principales signos y síntomas, en especial el llanto constante, hepatoesplenomegalia, palidez, desnutrición y lesiones de la piel. Todos tuvieron lesión ósea visible en la radiografía. La letalidad fue alta. Se insiste en la necesidad de la prevención, en especial mediante el control prenatal.

Neumopatías supuradas en el Hospital Materno Infantil "San Bartolomé" / Neumopatias festered in the Hospital Materno Infantil

Se presenta el estudio retrospectivo de 80 casos con diagnóstico de Neumopatía Supurada en el Hospital San Bartolomé, entre julio de 1985 y junio de 1986, que constituyen el 3.3 por ciento de los egresos pediátricos en ese período, con una mortalidad de 0.04 por ciento. Los más frecuentemente afectados fueron niños menores de dos años (72.5 por ciento), con predominio del sexo masculino (58.7 por ciento). No se observó patrón estacional definido. Las manifestaciones clínicas fueron de compromiso respiratorio agudo, de grado moderado a severo. Solo se encontró desnutrición en 17 por ciento de casos, en tanto que el 90 por ciento tuvo anemia. Las formas clínico-radiológicas al ingreso mostraron 65.5 por ciento de casos con compromiso pleural y parenquimal equiparables, 18 por ciento con predominio de derrame purulento, 11.2 por ciento con neumonía o bronconeumonía, 2.5 por ciento con enfisema subpleural, 2.5 por ciento con colección enquistada y 1.25 por ciento con compromiso parenquimal masivo. Solo el 20 por ciento de los pacientes evolucionó sin complicaciones. Se realizó toracotomía de drenaje en 75 por ciento de los casos. Ningún paciente requirió decorticación.

El hijo de madre adolescente: aspectos neonatales / The son of mother teenager: aspects neonatales

Se compara a los recién nacidos de madres adolescentes primíparas, de 16 o menos años de edad, con los hijos de madres de 21 a 30 años. En ambos grupos la mayoría tuvo control prenatal adecuado. Las madres adolescentes tendían a presentar mayor incidencia de anemia y toxemia, sin significación estadística. El parto por cesárea fue significativamente más frecuente en las adolescentes. No se encontró diferencias significativas en el peso al nacimiento, perímetro cefálico, edad gestacional, puntaje de APGAR, morbilidad neonatal inmediata ni en la supervivencia a las 72 horas. Se supone que esto se debería al control prenatal o al número de la muestra estudiada.