Pectobacterium jejuense sp. nov. Isolated from Cucumber Stem Tissue.

A single Pectobacterium-like strain named 13-115T was isolated from a specimen of diseased cucumber stem tissue collected on Jeju Island, South Korea. The strain presented a rod-like shape and was negative for Gram staining. When grown on R2A medium at 25 °C, strain 13-115T formed round, convex and white colonies. This strain showed growth at temperatures ranging from 10 to 30 °C and tolerated a pH range of 6-9. The strain could also tolerate NaCl concentrations up to 5%. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain 13-115T exhibited similarity of over 99% with Pectobacterium brasiliense, P. carotovorum, P. polaris, and P. parvum. By conducting multilocus sequence analyses using dnaX, leuS, and recA genes, a separate phylogenetic lineage was discovered between strain 13-115T and other members of the genus Pectobacterium. Moreover, the strain showed relatively low in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (<60.6%) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) (<94.9%) values with recognized Pectobacterium species. The isolate has a genome size of 5,069,478 bp and a genomic G + C content of 52.04 mol%. Major fatty acids identified in the strain included C16:0 (28.99%), summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c; 28.85%), and C18:1 ω7c (19.01%). Pathogenicity assay confirmed that the novel strain induced soft rot symptoms in cucumber plants and Koch's postulates were fulfilled. Molecular analysis and phenotypic data indicated that strain 13-115T could be classified as a new species within the Pectobacterium genus, which has been named Pectobacterium jejuense. The type strain is 13-115T (= KCTC 92800T = JCM 35940T).

Isolation and Identification of Ice Nucleation Active Fusarium Strains from Rapid Apple Declined Trees in Korea.

In biological particles such as Fusarium species, ice nucleation activity (INA) has been observed. Fusarium strains isolated from apple declined trees in Korea were identified with a multilocus sequence analysis using the tef1 and rpb1 genes. Droplet-freezing and tube-freezing assays were used to determine the INA of the strains, using Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae KACC 21200 as a positive control and resulting in seven INA+ fungal strains that were identified as F. tricinctum (KNUF- 21-F17, KNUF-21-F18, KNUF-21-F29, KNUF-21-F32, KNUF-21-F38, KNUF-21-F43, and KNUF-21-F44). The effect of Fusarium INA+ KNUF-21-F29 was compared to that of INA- strains on Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Shinma explants. A higher callus formation and noshoot formation were observed, suggesting that fungal INA could play a role in cold injuries and be a factor to consider in rapid apple decline. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of INA fungal strains isolated in Korea.

Larkinella humicola sp. nov., a gamma radiation-resistant bacterium isolated from soil.

A Gram-negative, short rod-shaped, and pink-pigmented bacterial strain, designated MA1T, was isolated from a soil sample from Gijang-gun, Busan in Republic of Korea. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain MA1T belonged to the genus Larkinella and was closely related to "Larkinella punicea" (97.5% similarity), Larkinella rosea 15J16-1T3AT (96.5%), and Larkinella knui 15J6-3T6T (96.2%). Polar lipid profile of strain MA1T contained phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, and three unidentified lipids. Menaquinone-7 was the only quinone and the main fatty acids were C16:1 ω5c (36.7%), iso-C15:0 (30.0%), iso-C17:0 3-OH (7.7%), and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C15:0 2-OH) (7.3%). The genomic DNA G + C content was 52.3 mol% based on the whole-genome analysis. Strain MA1T exhibited a relatively low level of ANI and in silico DDH values with "Larkinella punicea" (91.9 and 47.1%, respectively), Larkinella rosea (79.7 and 23.3%), and Larkinella knui (81.9 and 25.7%). Based on its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain MA1T should be classified in the genus Larkinella as a representative of a novel species, for which the name Larkinella humicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MA1T (= KCTC 72629T = NBRC 114191T).

Pedobacter segetis sp. nov., a Novel Bacterium Isolated from Soil.

A Gram-negative, motile by gliding, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated SD-bT, was isolated from a soil sample collected on Dokdo Island, South Korea. A polyphasic approach based on phenotypic, phylogenetic, and genomic analyses was used to characterize the new isolate. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain SD-bT belonged to the family Sphingobacteriaceae and most closely related to Pedobacter psychrophilus P4487AT (95.9% similarity). The isolate contained MK-7 as the predominant respiratory quinone; its main polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine; and the major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c/C16:1 ω6c; 32.0%), C15:0 iso (19.1%), C17:0 iso 3-OH (8.3%), and C16:0 (8.2%). The draft genome had a length of 3,842,102 bp with a G+C content of 36.0 mol%, predicting 3282 coding sequences, 3 rRNA genes, 3 ncRNAs, and 36 tRNAs genes. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between strain SD-bT and P. psychrophilus LMG 29436T were 22.0% and 78.9%, respectively. The results of phenotypic properties, genotypic distinctiveness, and chemotaxonomic features support the discrimination of SD-bT from its phylogenetic relatives. Pedobacter segetis sp. nov. is therefore proposed with SD-bT (= KCTC 82351T = JCM 34283T) as the type strain.

Molecular and Morphological Characteristics of a New Species Collected from an Insect (Cicindela transbaicalica) in Korea.

To exploit insect-derived fungi, insects were collected from seven different regions in Korea, including Gyeongbuk, Goryeong, and several fungi were isolated from them. A fungal strain designated 21-64-D was isolated from riparian tiger beetle (Cicindela transbaicalica) and morphologically identified as a species belonging to the genus Oidiodendron. Phylogenetic analysis using the nucleotide sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the partial sequence of the large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA (LSU) gene revealed the distinct phylogenetic position of the isolate among recognized Oidiodendron species including its closest neighbors O. chlamydosporicum, O. citrinum, O. maius, and O. pilicola. The hyphal and conidial morphology of the strain, particularly club-shaped hyphae, clearly differentiated it from its close relatives. Results indicated that 21-64-D is a novel species in the genus Oidiodendron, for which the name Oidiodendron clavatum sp. nov. is proposed.

Flavobacterium agrisoli sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from soil.

A Gram-stain negative, rod shaped, motile by gliding, yellow-pigmented, aerobic bacterium, designated SE-1-eT, was isolated from a soil sample collected on Dokdo Island, South Korea. The isolate was characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach based on the phenotypic and genomic analyses. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain SE-1-eT belonged to the genus Flavobacterium in the family Flavobacteriaceae and had the highest sequence similarity with Flavobacterium cheongpyeongense IMCC34759T (97.5%), Flavobacterium arsenitoxidans S2-3HT (97.4%), Flavobacterium resistens BD-b365T (97.4%), and Flavobacterium chungangense CJ7T (97.4%). The predominant respiratory quinone of the isolate was found to be MK-6; the main polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine; and the major fatty acids were identified as summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c/C16:1 ω6c), C15:0 iso, and C16:0. The draft genome of strain SE-1-eT had a length of 3,715,609 bp and a DNA G + C content of 34.8 mol%. The nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between the novel isolate and F. cheongpyeongense IMCC34759T, F. resistens BD-b365T, and Flavobacterium chungangense CJ7T ranged from 74.9 to 75.3% and from 20.2 to 20.9%, respectively. On the basis of its phenotypic properties, genotypic distinctiveness, and chemotaxonomic features, strain SE-1-eT represents a novel species in the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium agrisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SE-1-eT (= KCTC 82352 T = JCM 34302 T).

Adhaeribacter terrigena sp. nov., Isolated from Korean Soil.

A bacterial strain, designated BT258T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from Uijeongbu-si, Gyeong-do Province, Republic of Korea. Cells were Gram stain negative, aerobic, rod shaped, motile by gliding, and formed light pink-pigmented colonies on agar plates. Growth of the isolate was observed at 10-37 °C and pH 6-7. A 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain BT258T is a member of the genus Adhaeribacter in the family Hymenobacteraceae and had the highest sequence similarity with 'Adhaeribacter soli' MA2T (97.1%), Adhaeribacter terreus DNG6T (96.6%), and Adhaeribacter terrae HY02T (96.5%). The predominant respiratory quinone of the isolate was MK-7, the main polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine, and the major fatty acids were C15:0 iso (37.7%), summed feature 4 (C17:1 anteiso B/iso-C17:1 I; 16.8%), and C16:0 (10.3%). The draft genome of strain BT258T had a whole length of 4,974,022 bp and DNA G + C content of 46.0 mol%. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between the novel isolate and 'Adhaeribacter soli' and seven other Adhaeribacter species ranged from 17.9 to 22.7% and 69.7 to 77.9%, respectively. On the basis of its phenotypic properties, genotypic distinctiveness, and chemotaxonomic features, strain BT258T represents a novel species in the genus Adhaeribacter, for which the name Adhaeribacter terrigena sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BT258T (= KCTC 72409 T = JCM 34303 T).

Mucilaginibacter segetis sp. nov., Isolated from Soil.

A bacterial strain, SD-gT, was isolated from a soil sample collected on Dokdo Island, South Korea. Cells were observed to be Gram stain negative and short rod shaped, and colonies to be pink in color. Growth of the isolate was observed at 4-30 °C, pH 6-8, and in the presence of 0-2.0% NaCl. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences identified strain SD-gT as a member of the genus Mucilaginibacter in the family Sphingobacteriaceae, with high levels of sequence similarity with Mucilaginibacter terrenus ZH6T (96.9%), Mucilaginibacter lutimaris BR-3T (96.8%), Mucilaginibacter carri PR0008KT (96.8%), Mucilaginibacter gilvus F01003T (96.7%), Mucilaginibacter litoreus BR-18T (96.6%), and Mucilaginibacter terrigena 17JY9-4T (96.5%). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SD-gT was calculated to be 40.6 mol%. The predominant respiratory quinone of the isolate was found to be MK-7; the main polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine; and the major fatty acids were identified as summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c/C16:1 ω6c; 29.0%), C15:0 iso (19.1%), C15:0 iso (28.1%), C16:0 (14.9%), and C17:0 iso 3-OH (7.4%). The digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between strain SD-gT and M. terrenus ZH6T, M. gilvus F01003T, and M. terrigena ranged from 17.7 to 18.4% and 72.1 to 74.0%, respectively. On the basis of its phenotypic properties, genotypic distinctiveness, and chemotaxonomic features, strain SD-gT represents a novel species in the genus Mucilaginibacter, for which the name Mucilaginibacter segetis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SD-gT (= KCTC 82353T = JCM 34284T).

Phyllobacterium pellucidum sp. nov., isolated from soil.

A bacterial strain, BT25T, was isolated from soil in Korea. The bacterial cells were Gram-negative and rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the BT25T strain was related to the genus Phyllobacterium. BT25T was 96.6 and 96.5% similar to Phyllobacterium brassicacearum STM 196T and Phyllobacterium myrsinacearum DSM 5892T, respectively. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between BT25T and the two closest phylogenetic neighbors were calculated to be 78.5 and 77.7, 21.1 and 21.2%, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c/C18:1 ω6c) (29.3%), cyclo-C19:0 ω8c (27.5%), and C16:0 (16.5%). The BT25T strain had menaquinone Q-10 as the predominant quinone, as well as phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine as the major polar lipids. Based on the phenotypic, phylogenetic, and chemotaxonomic data, the BT25T strain was classified as a novel Phyllobacterium species. The name Phyllobacterium pellucidum sp. nov. was proposed. The type strain is BT25T (= KCTC 62765T = NBRC 114381T).

Biodegradative Activities of Fungal Strains Isolated from Terrestrial Environments in Korea.

Polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) are commercially available bioplastics that are exploited worldwide, and both are biodegradable. The PLA and PCL polymer-degrading activity of 30 fungal strains that were isolated from terrestrial environments were screened based on the formation of a clear zone around fungal colonies on agar plates containing emulsified PLA or PCL. Among them, five strains yielded positive results of biodegradation. Strains Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (KACC) 83034BP and KNUF-20-PPH03 exhibited PCL degradation; two other strains, KACC 83035BP and KNUF-20-PDG05, degraded PLA; and the fifth strain, KACC 83036BP, biodegraded both tested plastics. Based on phylogenetic analyses using various combinations of the sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, RPB2, LSU, CAL, and ß-TUB genes, the above-mentioned strains were identified as Apiotrichum porosum, Penicillium samsonianum, Talaromyces pinophilus, Purpureocillium lilacinum, and Fusicolla acetilerea, respectively. Based on our knowledge, this is the first report on (i) plastic biodegraders among Apiotrichum and Fusicolla species, (ii) the capability of T. pinophilus to degrade biodegradable plastics, (iii) the biodegradative activity of P. samsonianum against PCL, and (iv) the accurate identification of P. lilacinum as a PLA biodegrader. Further studies should be conducted to determine how the fungal species can be utilized in Korea.

Hymenobacter busanensis sp. nov., radiation-resistant species isolated from soil in South Korea.

Two bacterial strains designated as MA3T and BT182 were isolated from a soil sample in South Korea. Cells of the two strains were Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped and formed red colonies on R2A agar at 25 °C. The 16S rRNA genes of the two strains shared a sequence similarity of 99.8%. Both strains shared the highest 16S rRNA gene similarity of 96.8% with Hymenobacter edaphi NLT, followed by Hymenobacter paludis KBP-30T (96.3%), Hymenobacter coalescens WW84T (96.3%) and Hymenobacter gummosus ANT-18T (96.3%). Growth was observed at 15-37 °C (optimum 30 °C), pH 6-8 (optimum pH 7) and in the presence up to 1% NaCl. The genome size of strains MA3T and BT182 is 4.9 Mb and 4.8 Mb, respectively. The genomic G + C content of both strains is 62.0 mol%. The main polar lipid of the strains was phosphatidylethanolamine, the only respiratory quinone detected was menaquinone-7 and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0, iso-C15:0, summed feature 4 (iso-C17:1 I/anteiso-C17:1 B) and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c), supporting the affiliation of these strains with the genus Hymenobacter. Based on the phylogenetic, genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data, strains MA3T and BT182 represent a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter busanensis is proposed. The type strain is MA3T (= KCTC 72631T = NBRC 114193T).

Lysobacter terrigena sp. nov., isolated from a Korean soil sample.

A bacterial strain isolated from a soil collected in Jeju Island, designated as 17J7-1T, was Gram-negative, rod-shaped, yellow colored, and motile by gliding. This strain was able to grow at temperature range from 10 to 42 °C, pH 7-9, and tolerated up to 1% NaCl. Analysis of 16S rRNA sequence identified strain 17J7-1T as a member of the genus Lysobacter with close sequence similarity with Lysobacter mobilis 9NM-14T (97.4%), Lysobacter xinjiangensis RCML-52T (97.0%), and Lysobacter humi FJY8T (96.9%). The genomic DNA G + C content of the isolate was 67.9 mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain 17J7-1T and L. mobilis, L. humi, and L. xinjiangensis were 42.3%, 39.5%, and 35.8%, respectively, clearly showing that the isolate is distinct from its closest phylogenetic neighbors in the genus Lysobacter. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNAhybridization (dDDH) values between strain 17J7-1T and L. enzymogenes ATCC 29487T, the type species of this genus, and several other close Lysobacter species were less than 77% and 22%, respectively. Major fatty acids were C16:0 iso (29.8%), summed feature 9 (C17:1 iso ω9c/C16:0 10-methyl; 20.1%), and C15:0 iso (17.7%). The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone Q-8 and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol. In the light of the polyphasic evidence accumulated in this study, strain 17J7-1T is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Lysobacter, for which name Lysobacter terrigena sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 17J7-1T (= KCTC 62217T = JCM 33057T).

Methylobacterium segetis sp. nov., a novel member of the family Methylobacteriaceae isolated from soil on Jeju Island.

A bacterial strain, 17J42-1T, was isolated from a soil sample collected on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. Colonies grown on R2A agar were pink in color, and cells were Gram-stain negative, short and rod-shaped. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences identified this strain as a member of the genus Methylobacterium in the family Methylobacteriaceae, with high levels of 16S rRNA sequence similarity shared with Methylobacterium oxalidis 35aT (98.6%), Methylobacterium jeotgali S2R03-9T (97.5%), and Methylobacterium soli YIM 48816T (97.3%). Cells grew at 15-35 °C, pH 5-9, and in the presence of 0-1.0% NaCl. The genomic G + C content was 70.2 mol% based on the whole genome analysis. The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone Q-10, the major fatty acid was C18:1ω7c (85.3%), and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol. The phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data support the affiliation of strain 17J42-1T with the genus Methylobacterium. However, the DNA-DNA relatedness between the isolate and its closest phylogenetic neighbors was lower than 38%. The OrthoANI and dDDH values between strain 17J42-1T and the closest type strain Methylobacterium oxalidis NBRC 107715T were calculated to be 85.9% and 30.6%, respectively. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis, DNA-DNA hybridization analysis, and the observed differentiating phenotypic properties from other closely related taxa clearly indicate that strain 17J42-1T represents a novel species in the genus Methylobacterium, for which the name Methylobacterium segetis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 17J42-1T (= KCTC 62267T = JCM 33059T).

Lysobacter segetis sp. nov., Isolated from Soil.

A Gram-negative, aerobic, motile by gliding, rod-shaped bacterium, strain 17J68-2T, was isolated from a soil sample taken from Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. The isolate displayed high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the members of the genus Lysobacter in the family Lysobacteraceae, with Lysobacter humi FJY8T (98.4% similarity), Lysobacter xinjiangensis RCML-52T (98.3%), and Lysobacter mobilis 9NM-14T (98.1%) as closest phylogenetic neighbors. Growth of strain 17J68-2T occurred at 15-42 °C, pH 7-8, and in the presence of 0-1.0% NaCl. Draft genome was 2.94 Mb in size with G+C content of 70.5 mol%. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine. Ubiquinone Q-8 was the predominant respiratory quinone and the major fatty acids were C16:0 iso (39.4%), summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c/C16:1ω6c) (6.6%), C11:0 iso 3-OH (6.4%), C15:0 iso (6.4%), and C16:1 iso H (6.2%). The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain 17J68-2T and L. humi, L. xinjiangensis, and L. mobilis were 39.9, 39.4, and 25.3%, respectively. From these results, it is concluded that the novel isolate possesses sufficient characteristics to differentiate it from the most closely affiliated Lysobacter species, and strain 17J68-2T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter segetis sp. nov. (=KCTC 62237T = JCM 33058T) is proposed.

Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for the Detection of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni in Peaches.

To detect Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) detection method were developed. The LAMP assay was designed to test crude plant tissue without pre-extraction, or heating incubation, and without advanced analysis equipment. The LAMP primers were designed by targeting an ABC transporter ATP-binding protein, this primer set was tested using the genomic DNA of Xanthomonas and non-Xanthomonas strains, and a ladder product was generated from the genomic DNA of X. arboricola pv. pruni strain but not from 12 other Xanthomonas species strains and 6 strains of other genera. The LAMP conditions were checked with the healthy leaves of 31 peach varieties, and no reaction was detected using either the peach leaves or the peach DNA as a template. Furthermore, the high diagnostic accuracy of the LAMP method was confirmed with 13 X. arboricola pv. pruni strains isolated from various regions in Korea, with all samples exhibiting a positive reaction in LAMP assays. In particular, the LAMP method successfully detected the pathogen in diseased peach leaves and fruit in the field, and the LAMP conditions were proven to be a reliable diagnostic method for the specific detection and identification of X. arboricola pv. pruni in peach orchards.

Emticicia agri sp. nov., a novel member of the family Cytophagaceae.

A bacterial strain, 17J42-9T, was isolated from a soil sample collected on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. Cells were observed to be Gram-stain negative and rod-shaped. Colonies were observed to be orange in colour on R2A agar. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that high levels of 16S rRNA sequence similarity were shared between 17J42-9T and Emticicia fontis IMCC1731T (98.2 %), Emticicia ginsengisoliGsoil 085T (98.2 %) and Emticicia soli ZZ-4T (97.8 %). Growth of strain 17J42-9T was observed at 10-37 °C, pH 6.0-8.5 and in the presence of 0-0.5 % NaCl. The genomic G+C content was calculated to be 38.6 mol%. The predominant respiratory quinone of the isolate was found to be MK-7; the major fatty acids were identified as summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c) (34.1 %), C15 : 0iso (23.4 %) and C17 : 0iso 3-OH (10.8 %). The major polar lipids were found to be phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids and an unidentified lipid. The phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data support the affiliation of strain 17J42-9T with the genus Emticicia. However, the DNA-DNA relatedness between the isolate and its closest phylogenetic neighbours was lower than 46 %. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis, DNA-DNA hybridization analysis and the observed differentiating phenotypic properties from other closely related taxa clearly indicate that strain 17J42-9T represents a novel species in the genus Emticicia, for which the name Emticiciaagri sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 17J42-9T (=KCTC 62270T=JCM 33056T).

Mucilaginibacter terrigena sp. nov. sp., A Novel Member of the Family Sphingobacteriaceae.

A bacterial strain, 17JY9-4T, was isolated from a soil sample collected on Jeju Island, South Korea. Colonies grown on R2A agar are pale pink in color, and cells are Gram-stain negative, short, and rod-shaped. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences identified this strain as a member of the genus Mucilaginibacter in the family Sphingobacteriaceae, with high levels of 16S rRNA sequence similarity shared with Mucilaginibacter lutimaris BR-3T (98.0%), Mucilaginibacter rigui WPCB133T (98.0%), Mucilaginibacter phyllosphaerae PP-F2F-G21T (97.0%), Mucilaginibacter amnicola TAPP7T (96.8%), and Mucilaginibacter soli R9-65T (96.7%). Growth of strain 17JY9-4T occurs at 10-30 °C, pH 6-8, and in the presence of 0-1.0% NaCl. The genomic G+C content is 44.38 mol%. The predominant respiratory quinone of the isolate is MK-7; the major fatty acids are summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c/C16:1ω6c) (39.7%), iso-C15:0 (22.8%), iso-C17:0 3-OH (7.8%), and C16:0 (7.7%); and the major polar lipid is phosphatidylethanolamine. The phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data support the placement of strain 17JY9-4T within the genus Mucilaginibacter. However, the DNA-DNA relatedness between the isolate and M. rigui, M. lutimaris, M. phyllosphaerae, M. amnicola, and M. soli were 44.3 ± 3.0%, 38.6 ± 3.7%, 23.2 ± 2.9%, 21.9 ± 3.1%, and 18.6 ± 3.7%, respectively. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis, DNA-DNA hybridization analysis, and the observed differentiating phenotypic properties from other closely related taxa clearly indicate that strain 17JY9-4T represents a novel species in the genus Mucilaginibacter, for which the name Mucilaginibacter terrigena sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 17JY9-4T (= KCTC 62294T = JCM 33049T).

Hymenobacter persicinus sp. nov., a novel member of the family Hymenobacteraceae.

A bacterial strain, 1-3-3-3T, was isolated from a soil sample collected in Jeollabuk-do province, South Korea. Cells were observed to be Gram-stain negative, short rod-shaped and colonies to be red-pink in colour. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences identified this strain as a member of the genus Hymenobacter in the family Hymenobacteraceae, with high levels of 16S rRNA sequence similarity with Hymenobacter algoricola VUG-A23aT (98.0%), Hymenobacter knuensis 16F7C-2 (97.9%), Hymenobacter fastidiosus VUG-A124T (97.1%), Hymenobacter elongatus VUG-A112T (97.0%), Hymenobacter chitinivorans Txc1T (97.0%) and Hymenobacter aquaticus 16F3PT (96.7%). Growth of strain 1-3-3-3T was observed at 10-30 °C, pH 6-8 and in the presence of 0-1.0% NaCl. The genomic G + C content was determined to be 61.6 mol %. The predominant respiratory quinone of the isolate was found to be MK-7; the major fatty acids were identified as iso-C15:0 (19.9%), summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c/C16:1ω6c, 19.7%), summed feature 4 (iso-C17:1 I/anteiso-C17:1 B, 17.8%), C16:1ω5c (12.5%) and anteiso-C15:0 (11.2%), and the major polar lipid was found to be phosphatidylethanolamine. The phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data support the affiliation of strain 1-3-3-3T with the genus Hymenobacter. However, the DNA-DNA relatedness between the isolate and its closest phylogenetic neighbours was lower than 34%. The DNA-DNA hybridization result and the differentiating phenotypic properties clearly indicate that strain 1-3-3-3T represents a novel species in the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter persicinus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 1-3-3-3T (= KCTC 52742T = JCM 32191T).

Deinococcus terrigena sp. nov., a novel member of the family Deinococcaceae.

A bacterial strain, S13-1-2-1T, was isolated from a soil sample collected in Gyeongsangnam-do province, South Korea. Cells were observed to be Gram-stain negative, short rod-shaped and colonies to be pale pink in colour. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences identified this strain as a member of the genus Deinococcus in the family Deinococcaceae, with high levels of sequence similarity with Deinococcus ficus CC-FR2-10T (97.9%) and Deinococcus enclensis NIO-1023T (95.4%). Growth of strain S13-1-2-1T was observed at 10-42 °C, pH 6-8, and in the presence of 0-1.0% NaCl. The isolate was found to exhibit resistance to gamma radiation (D10 10.1 KGy) and UV-light (D10 612 J/m2). The major peptidoglycan amino acids were identified as D-glutamic acid, glycine, alanine and L-ornithine. The predominant respiratory quinone of the strain was identified as menaquinone-8, the major fatty acids were found to be C16:1ω7c (31.4%), C16:0 (18.4%), and C17:1ω8c (17.4%) and the major polar lipids were observed to be an unidentified phosphoglycolipid and an unidentified glycolipid. The genomic DNA G + C content of the strain was determined to be 69.2 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization with D. ficus showed a relatedness value of 31.5 ± 4.2%. The DNA-DNA hybridization result and the differentiating phenotypic properties clearly indicate that strain S13-1-2-1T represents a novel species in the genus Deinococcus, for which the name Deinococcus terrigena sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S13-1-2-1T (= KCTC 33939T = JCM 32248T).

Hymenobacter pomorum sp. nov., Isolated from Apple Orchard Soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated 9-2-1-1T, was isolated from apple orchard soil in Daegu, Republic of Korea. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the isolate belongs to the family Cytophagaceae, Bacteroidetes and it is most closely related to Hymenobacter metalli A2-91T (97.8% similarity) and Hymenobacter marinus KJ035T (96.6%). Growth of strain 9-2-1-1T was observed at 4-30 °C, pH 6-8, and in the presence of 0-1.0% NaCl. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 62.0 mol%. The predominant respiratory quinone of the isolate was MK-7; the major fatty acids were C15:0 iso (29.3%), C16:1ω5c (15.4%), C15:0 anteiso (12.5%), summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c/C16:1ω6c; 12.3%), and C16:0 (10.6%); and the major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of strain 9-2-1-1T with the genus Hymenobacter. However, the DNA-DNA relatedness between the isolate and H. metalli and H. marinus were 31.3% and 24.7%, respectively. The DNA-DNA hybridization result and the differentiating phenotypic properties clearly indicate that strain 9-2-1-1T is the representative of a novel species in the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter pomorum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 9-2-1-1T (=KCTC 52740T = JCM 32193T).