When clean eating isn't as faultless: the dangerous obsession with healthy eating and the relationship between Orthorexia nervosa and eating disorders in Mexican University students.

BACKGROUND: Orthorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder that has been scarcely studied in characteristics, causes and symptoms, as well as in consequences and the relationship with other eating disorders. The present study had as its main objective the analysis of said relationship and inquisition of the possibility of predicting the development of an eating disorder from the presence of orthorexia nervosa. Also, it analyzed the differences by sex in Mexican university students. METHODS: The sample consisted of 911 university students (65.4% women and 34.6% men), between an age range of 18 to 28 years old (M = 21 and SD = 1.9). Two questionnaires were responded: the ORTO14MX, a version of the ORTO-15 instrument previously validated in Mexican students, and the EDE-Q in its short version. Besides, sociodemographic data of interest was obtained and used for this study. RESULTS: The Pearson's correlation analysis demonstrated statistically significant relations, from mild to moderate, between the factors that make up both scales, while the linear regression analysis demonstrated that 40% of the variance is explained with the factors from the ORTO-14MX scale in the overall sample for the study. Additionally, statistically significant differences were found between men and women regarding all the subscales conforming the instruments that measured orthorexia and eating disorders. CONCLUSION: These results show a moderate predictive degree, that as promising as it is, isn't conclusive. Likewise, it was confirmed that women are still more vulnerable to develop orthorexia or another eating disorder. It can be concluded that there's a vast necessity for more studies measuring the relationship between orthorexia nervosa and eating disorders, in Latinamerican samples with diverse characteristics in sociocultural backgrounds, and clinical samples.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La ortorexia nervosa es un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria que ha sido poco estudiado, tanto en sus características, causas y síntomas, como en sus consecuencias y en la relación con otros trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar dicha relación e indagar si es posible predecir la aparición de un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria a partir de la presencia de ortorexia nervosa, además de analizar diferencias por sexo en estudiantes universitarios mexicanos. MÉTODO: Participaron en el estudio 911 estudiantes universitarios (65.4% fueron mujeres y el 34.6% hombres), en un rango de edades entre 18 y 28 años (M = 21 y DE = 1.9) que respondieron dos cuestionarios que son: ORTO-14MX, una versión del instrumento ORTO-15 previamente validada en estudiantes mexicanos y el EDE-Q en su versión corta, además de proporcionar algunos datos sociodemográficos de interés para este estudio. RESULTADOS: El análisis de correlación de Pearson reveló relaciones estadísticas significativas de leves a moderadas entre los factores que componen ambas escalas, mientras que el análisis de regresión lineal mostró un que un 40% de la varianza es explicada a partir de los factores que componen la escala ORTO-14MX en la muestra de estudio. Adicionalmente se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre hombres y mujeres con respecto a todas las subescalas de los instrumentos que midieron ortorexia y trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. CONCLUSIONES: Estos resultados mostraron un grado de predicción moderada que sí bien es prometedora, no resulta totalmente concluyente. Asimismo, se confirmó que las mujeres siguen siendo más vulnerables a padecer ortorexia o un TCA. Se concluye la necesidad de continuar estudiando la relación entre la ortorexia y los TCAs, en muestras latinoamericanas con otras características socio demográficas y en población clínica.

Consumo de sustancias en adolescentes: consideraciones para la práctica médica / Substance use in adolescents: Considerations for medical practice

Resumen El consumo de sustancias entre jóvenes y adolescentes representa un importante problema de salud que se relaciona con lesiones y accidentes graves, discapacidad, trastornos por consumo de sustancias y otros trastornos psiquiátricos, ideación y conducta suicida, conductas sexuales de riesgo, entre otros. Se trata de un problema de salud pública que se ha incrementado de manera considerable en los últimos años. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar los aspectos generales del consumo de sustancias de abuso en adolescentes, como: epidemiología, factores de riesgo, tamizaje, evaluación, diagnóstico, algunas consideraciones para la referencia y tratamiento en un hospital general. Como resultado, se identificó que existen múltiples factores de riesgo del inicio del consumo de sustancias, así como de la aparición de un trastorno por consumo de sustancias. Entre éstos destacan factores individuales, familiares y medioambientales. Asimismo, se identificaron estrategias para la detección temprana, orientación y referencia a tratamiento integral, conocidos como SBIRT (de sus siglas en inglés de Screnning, Brief Intervention, Reference to Treatment). Por último se concluye que la implementación de programas SBIRT en un hospital general es eficaz para mejorar el vínculo entre los servicios del hospital y los programas especializados para tratamiento de los trastornos por consumo de sustancias.

Abstract Substance abuse among young adults and teenagers represents a considerable health issue, as substance use can be associated to serious injuries, accidents, disabilities, substance use and other psychiatric disorders, suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior, sexual risk practices, among others. In the last years, this health problem has been increasing significantly. The objective of this article is to present a review of general aspects of substance abuse in adolescents, such as: epidemiology, risk factors, screening, evaluation, diagnosis, some considerations for referral and general hospital treatment. As a result, it was found that several risk factors have been identified, such as individual, family and environmental factors. Also, strategies for early detection, counsel and reference to integrated treatment known as SBIRT (Screnning, Brief Intervention, Reference to Treatment) were identified. Finally, it is concluded that the implementation of SBIRT programs in general hospital are effective to improve the link between general hospital services to specialized programs for the treatment of substance use disorders.

Experiences of Power and Violence in Mexican Men Attending Mutual-Aid Residential Centers for Addiction Treatment.

Fundamental elements of hegemonic masculinity such as power and violence are analyzed through characteristics of 12-step programs and philosophy immersed in Mutual-Aid Residential Centers for Addiction Treatment (CRAMAAs). CRAMAAs are a culturally specific form of substance abuse treatment in Mexico that are characterized by control and violence. Fifteen interviews were carried out with men of varied sociodemographic characteristics, and who resided in at least two of these centers. Results identify that power is expressed through drug abuse and leads them to subsequent biopsychosocial degradation. Residency in CRAMAAs is motivated by women, but men do not seek the residency and are usually admitted unwillingly. Power through violence is carried out inside CRAMAAs where men are victims of abuse. From a 12-step philosophy, this violence is believed to lead them to a path of recovery but instead produces feelings of anger and frustration. The implications of these centers on Mexican public health are discussed.

Estudio sobre la experiencia de hombres atendidos en centros residenciales de ayuda mutua para la atención de las adicciones / Study on the experience of men treated in mutual aid residencial substance abuse attention centers

Addictive disorders and behaviors have increased in the past years in Mexico. These behaviors and disorders are considered a public health issue because of the social and economic strains they generate. However, the state is unprepared to attend such high demands. Non government organizations have arisen in order to fulfill this demand, but it is known that many of them do not regard federal health regulations and often they have infringed the basic human rights. The present study has for objective to analyze the experience of men who have been atended in self-help residential substance abuse attention centers. Fifteen focalized interviews were carried out with men of different characteristics, all of them having been attended in at least two centers. The results help to understand the consumption dynamic, usually linked to family abandonment and anger. It further analyzes the unhealthy and inhuman services offered in many of these centers such as poor feeding and hygiene services; many of the men are admitted violently and against their will. It is concluded that even though these centers respond to the demand that addictive disorders have, they do not professionally and skillfully support a rehabilitation process. It is thus of utter importance to guarantee the training and proffessionalization of these centers' staff through an observation and regulation process.

Los trastornos y conductas adictivas se han incrementado en México en los últimos años. Estas conductas y trastornos son considerados un problema de salud pública debido a los estragos sociales y económicos que implican. Sin embargo, la demanda de atención ha rebasado las capacidades del Estado, por lo que han surgido organizaciones civiles que buscan responder a dicha problemática, aunque en muchas ocasiones esto suele hacerse sin atender a la reglamentación federal para la atención de la salud y las adicciones, por lo que existen casos en los que se han violentado los derechos humanos básicos. El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo analizar la experiencia de hombres atendidos en centros residenciales de ayuda mutua para la atención de las adicciones. Se llevaron a cabo 15 entrevistas focalizadas con hombres de diferentes características, que habían sido internados en al menos dos de estos centros. Los resultados ayudan a comprender la dinámica de consumo, que usualmente está ligada al abandono familiar y al enojo. Además, se analiza el uso de servicios de estos centros, como alimentación e higiene. Se encontró que muchos de estos hombres fueron ingresados de manera involuntaria y se vieron expuestos a diversas formas de abuso. Se concluye que a pesar de que estos centros responden a una necesidad de la sociedad para atender los problemas de salud que generan las adicciones, es imprescindible garantizar el respeto a los derechos humanos, asegurando la regulación y reglamentación de los centros.

Percepción del funcionamiento familiar de mujeres con trastornos del comportamiento alimentario / Family functioning perception of women with eating disorders

El presente estudio compara la percepción del funcionamiento familiar de mujeres mexicanas con diferente trastorno del comportamiento alimentario (TCA): anorexia nerviosa (AN), bulimia nerviosa (BN) y trastorno del comportamiento alimentario no especificado (TCANE), y un grupo control. Participaron 100 mujeres (M= 18,24 años; DT= 3,9), de las cuales 70 tenían un TCA (16 AN, 24 BN, 30 TCANE) y 30 pertenecían al grupo control. Contestaron tres cuestionarios (EAT-40, BULIT y FES) y una entrevista diagnóstica (IDED). Los grupos con TCA percibieron que en sus familias lo más importante era la actuación y se restaba importancia a la cohesión, además presentaron menos expresividad. Se concluye que los grupos con TCA difieren del grupo control en la jerarquía e intensidad de cada uno de los aspectos familiares evaluados. La menor expresión es la característica común entre éstos. El grupo con TCANE fue más similar al grupo con AN y el grupo con BN es el que presenta mayores problemas (AU)

The aim of the present study was to compare the perception of family functioning in Mexican women with eating disorders (ED): anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) and eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS) with a control group. One hundred young women (M= 18.24 years, TD= 3.9) participated in this study; 70 of which met DSM-IV criteria for an ED (16 AN, 24 BN, 30 EDNOS) and 30 who presented no ED (control group). Participants completed a structured interview (IDED) for assessment of eating disorder psychopathology as well as three questionnaires (EAT-40, BULIT and FES). The ED groups perceived that in their families, acting was more important than cohesion; moreover they presented less expressivity. In conclusion, the ED groups differ from the control group in terms of hierarchy and intensity in each familiar aspect evaluated. The EDNOS and AN groups were similar and the BN group is the one that presents the most problems