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1.
BJPsych Open ; 8(6): e201, 2022 Nov 22.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36412504

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Lifestyle interventions can improve health-related outcomes for people with severe mental illness (SMI), but few studies evaluate this potential in everyday settings. After a successful approach in routine inpatient mental healthcare (MULTI), we sought to replicate this multidisciplinary lifestyle-enhancing support in people with SMI living in sheltered housing (MULTI_sh). AIMS: To evaluate the effectiveness and implementation of MULTI_sh (trial registration: NCT03157557). METHOD: In an effectiveness-implementation hybrid cluster-randomised controlled trial, six municipalities with sheltered housing facilities in The Netherlands were randomly assigned to MULTI_sh (n = 3) or treatment as usual (TAU, n = 3). After 12 months, we evaluated effects on metabolic health, sedentary behaviour/physical activity (ActiGraph GT3X+), quality of life (EuroQol 5D, WHOQoL-Bref) and psychopathology (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale Expanded Version) using multiple regression, adjusting for baseline values and municipalities (intention to treat and per protocol). In addition, implementation fidelity and barriers/facilitators were evaluated (Measurement Instrument for Determinants of Innovation). RESULTS: Of 177 eligible patients, 74 (42%) could be included in the analyses. Health outcomes did not substantially improve with MULTI_sh (n = 45) compared with TAU (n = 29). MULTI_sh was not implemented as intended. Most patients and all healthcare professionals believed that patients' lifestyle should be part of treatment, but implementation was primarily (in)directly hindered by organisational factors (e.g. staff shortages, complexity of participation, lack of time and difficulty getting patients involved). CONCLUSIONS: MULTI_sh was not implemented as intended and no clinical health improvements were found. Organisations are decisive in the success or failure of the implementation of lifestyle interventions for people with SMI. More intensive implementation strategies on this level are warranted in sheltered housing.

2.
Schizophr Bull ; 48(4): 766-773, 2022 06 21.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35486807

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS: There is a substantial gap in life expectancy between patients with severe mental illness (SMI) and the general population and it is important to understand which factors contribute to this difference. Research suggests an association between tardive dyskinesia (TD) and mortality; however, results are inconclusive. In addition, studies investigating associations between parkinsonism or akathisia and mortality are rare. We hypothesized that TD would be a risk factor for mortality in patients with SMI. STUDY DESIGN: We studied a cohort of 157 patients diagnosed predominantly with schizophrenia on the former Netherlands Antilles. TD, parkinsonism, and akathisia were assessed with rating scales on eight occasions over a period of 18 years. Twenty-four years after baseline, survival status and if applicable date of death were determined. Associations between movement disorders and survival were analyzed using Cox regression. Sex, age, antipsychotics, antidepressants and benzodiazepines at each measurement occasion were tested as covariates. STUDY RESULTS: Parkinsonism was a significant risk factor with an HR of 1.02 per point on the motor subscale of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (range 0-56). TD and akathisia were not significantly associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Parkinsonism may be an important risk factor for mortality in SMI patients. This finding calls for more follow-up and intervention studies to confirm this finding and to explore whether treatment or prevention of parkinsonism can reduce excess mortality.


Subject(s)
Antipsychotic Agents , Basal Ganglia Diseases , Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced , Mentally Ill Persons , Parkinsonian Disorders , Tardive Dyskinesia , Antipsychotic Agents/adverse effects , Basal Ganglia Diseases/chemically induced , Basal Ganglia Diseases/diagnosis , Basal Ganglia Diseases/epidemiology , Curacao , Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/diagnosis , Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/epidemiology , Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/etiology , Humans , Psychomotor Agitation , Syndrome , Tardive Dyskinesia/chemically induced
3.
Schizophr Res ; 243: 187-194, 2022 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35397249

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: There is little evidence to support the use of antipsychotic polypharmacy, and there are concerns about safety and side effects. Nonetheless, it is commonly used in the treatment of long-term inpatients with schizophrenia. This study investigated the effects of switching from a combination of first- and second-generation antipsychotics (FGA and SGA) to monotherapy (FGA or SGA) on relapse rates and psychiatric symptomatology. METHODS: Institutionalized patients with chronic psychotic disorders using a combination of SGA and FGA (n = 136) participated in a randomized open-label trial. The SWITCH group discontinued either FGA or SGA, the STAY group continued combination treatment. Relapse and psychotic symptoms were measured at baseline and during follow-up at 3, 6, and 9 months. Psychiatric symptomatology was measured using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Relapse was defined as (i) an increase in BPRS score of at least 2 points on any item, or (ii) an increase of at least 4 points in total BPRS score and an adjustment of antipsychotics. RESULTS: A logistic regression model, corrected for sex, showed that the probability of relapse was significantly lower in the SWITCH group: 0.29 (95% CI 0.13-0.62). The protective effect of switching to monotherapy was attributable to patients continuing clozapine as monotherapy. For patients who did not experience a relapse nor dropped out, BPRS total scores decreased significantly more in the SWITCH group (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Switching from a combination of FGA and SGA to monotherapy in long-term inpatients does not increase the relapse rate and may even reduce it.


Subject(s)
Antipsychotic Agents , Schizophrenia , Antipsychotic Agents/adverse effects , Chronic Disease , Humans , Inpatients , Polypharmacy , Recurrence , Schizophrenia/drug therapy
4.
Schizophr Bull ; 47(4): 906-914, 2021 07 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33764476

ABSTRACT

Low physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) are major contributors to mental health burden and increased somatic comorbidity and mortality in people with schizophrenia and related psychoses. Movement disorders are highly prevalent in schizophrenia populations and are related to impaired functioning and poor clinical outcome. However, the relationship between movement disorders and PA and SB has remained largely unexplored. Therefore, we aimed to examine the relationship between movement disorders (akathisia, dyskinesia, dystonia, and parkinsonism) and PA and SB in 216 patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses. Actigraphy, the St. Hans Rating Scale for extrapyramidal syndromes, and psychopathological ratings (PANSS-r) were applied. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression, adjusting for sex, age, negative symptoms, and defined daily dose of prescribed antipsychotics. Parkinsonism was significantly associated with decreased PA (ß = -0.21, P < .01) and increased SB (ß = 0.26, P < .001). For dystonia, only the relationship with SB was significant (ß = 0.15, P < .05). Akathisia was associated with more PA (ß = 0.14, P < .05) and less SB (ß = -0.15, P < .05). For dyskinesia, the relationships were non-significant. In a prediction model, akathisia, dystonia, parkinsonism and age significantly predicted PA (F(5,209) = 16.6, P < .001, R2Adjusted = 0.27) and SB (F(4,210) = 13.4, P < .001, R2Adjusted = 0.19). These findings suggest that movement disorders, in particular parkinsonism, are associated with reduced PA and increased SB in patients with psychotic disorders. Future studies should take movement disorders into account when examining PA and SB, to establish the clinical value of movement disorders in activating people with psychotic disorders to improve their mental and somatic health.


Subject(s)
Exercise , Movement Disorders/epidemiology , Schizophrenia/epidemiology , Schizophrenia/therapy , Actigraphy , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Sedentary Behavior
5.
Transl Behav Med ; 10(4): 1070-1073, 2020 10 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31169897

ABSTRACT

The scandal of premature mortality in people with serious mental illness is well established. Despite an increase in studies evaluating the efficacy of lifestyle interventions, translating this evidence into routine clinical care and policies is challenging, in part due to limited effectiveness or implementation research. We highlight the challenge of implementation that is increasingly recognized in clinical practice, advocate for adopting implementation science to study the implementation and systematic update of effective interventions in practice and policy, and provide directions for future research.


Subject(s)
Mental Disorders , Mental Health , Humans , Life Style , Mental Disorders/therapy
6.
BMC Health Serv Res ; 19(1): 740, 2019 Oct 22.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31640706

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Despite an increase in studies showing the efficacy of lifestyle interventions in improving the poor health outcomes for people with severe mental illness (SMI), routine implementation remains ad hoc. Recently, a multidisciplinary lifestyle enhancing treatment for inpatients with SMI (MULTI) was implemented as part of routine care at a long-term inpatient facility in the Netherlands, resulting in significant health improvements after 18 months. The current study aimed to identify barriers and facilitators of its implementation. METHODS: Determinants associated with the implementation of MULTI, related to the innovation, the users (patients, the healthcare professionals (HCPs)), and the organisational context, were assessed at the three wards that delivered MULTI. The evidence-based Measurement Instrument for Determinants of Innovations was used to assess determinants (29 items), each measured through a 5-point Likert scale and additional open-ended questions. We considered determinants to which ≥20% of the HCPs or patients responded negatively ("totally disagree/disagree", score < 3) as barriers and to which ≥80% of HCPs or patients responded positively ("agree/totally agree", score > 3) as facilitators. We included responses to open-ended questions if the topic was mentioned by ≥2 HCPs or patients. In total 50 HCPs (online questionnaire) and 46 patients (semi-structured interview) were invited to participate in the study. RESULTS: Participating HCPs (n = 42) mentioned organisational factors as the strongest barriers (e.g. organisational changes and financial resources). Patients (n = 33) mentioned the complexity of participating in MULTI as the main barrier, which could partly be due to organisational factors (e.g. lack of time for nurses to improve tailoring). The implementation was facilitated by positive attitudes of HCPs and patients towards MULTI, including their own role in it. Open responses of HCPs and patients showed strong commitment, collaboration and ownership towards MULTI. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study analysing the implementation of a pragmatic lifestyle intervention targeting SMI inpatients in routine clinical care. Positive attitudes of both HCPs and patients towards such an approach facilitated the implementation of MULTI. We suggest that strategies addressing organisational implementation barriers are needed to further improve and maintain MULTI, to succeed in achieving positive health-related outcomes in inpatients with SMI.


Subject(s)
Holistic Health , Inpatients/psychology , Mental Disorders/rehabilitation , Adult , Female , Humans , Life Style , Male , Mental Disorders/psychology , Middle Aged , Organizational Innovation
7.
Schizophr Res ; 204: 360-367, 2019 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30055884

ABSTRACT

Patients hospitalized with severe mental illness (SMI) often have an unhealthy lifestyle. Changing their sedentary behavior and deficiency in physical activity is challenging and effective interventions are lacking. We evaluated changes in sedentary behavior, physical activity, metabolic health and psychotic symptoms after 18 months of Multidisciplinary Lifestyle enhancing Treatment for Inpatients with SMI (MULTI) compared to treatment as usual (TAU) and explored mediation by change in total activity. We measured sedentary behavior and physical activity using accelerometry (ActiGraph GT3X+), reflected in total activity counts. Data on metabolic health and psychotic symptoms were retrieved from routine screening data within our cohort of inpatients with SMI. Of 65 patients receiving MULTI versus 43 receiving TAU, data were analyzed using linear and logistic multilevel regression, adjusting for baseline values of outcome and differences between groups. Compared to TAU, in which no improvements were observed, we found significantly (p < 0.05) improved total activity (B = 0.5 standardized total activity counts per hour), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (B = 1.8%), weight (B = -4.2 kg), abdominal girth (B = -3.5 cm), systolic blood pressure (B = -8.0 mmHg) and HDL cholesterol (B = 0.1 mmol/l). No changes in psychotic symptoms were observed. Changes in total activity did not mediate metabolic improvements, suggesting that multiple components of MULTI contribute to these improvements. In contrast to previously unsuccessful attempts to change lifestyle behavior in inpatients with SMI in the longer term, MULTI showed to be a feasible treatment to sustainably improve PA and metabolic health.


Subject(s)
Exercise , Inpatients , Metabolic Syndrome/therapy , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Patient Education as Topic/methods , Psychotherapy/methods , Psychotic Disorders/therapy , Schizophrenia/therapy , Sedentary Behavior , Accelerometry , Adult , Aged , Comorbidity , Feasibility Studies , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Hospitalization , Humans , Male , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Psychotic Disorders/epidemiology , Schizophrenia/epidemiology
8.
Front Psychiatry ; 9: 707, 2018.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30618878

ABSTRACT

Besides having an unhealthy lifestyle contributing to premature mortality, inpatients with severe mental illness (SMI) use high dosages of medication. Previous research has shown improved health after lifestyle improvements in SMI. In addition, we aimed to retrospectively study whether a multidisciplinary lifestyle enhancing treatment (MULTI) was associated with changes in medication use after 18 months, as compared with patients that continued treatment as usual (TAU) and explored mediation by a change in physical activity. We conducted an observational study within a cohort of inpatients with SMI, who received MULTI (N = 65) or continued TAU (N = 49). Data on their somatic and psychotropic medications were collected, converted into defined daily dose (DDD), and analyzed using linear multilevel regression, correcting for baseline value and differences between groups in age, diagnosis, and illness severity. Compared with TAU, the DDD for psychotropic medication significantly decreased with MULTI (B = -0.55, P = 0.02). Changes in total activity did not mediate this association, suggesting that multiple components of MULTI contributed. Corrected between-group analyses for subgroups of medication were not possible due to lack of power and skewed distributions. Within-group data showed a decreased proportion of users as well as median DDD in both groups for almost all medications. In addition to previously reported health improvements after 18 months of MULTI, we observed a significant decrease in dose of psychotropic medication in MULTI compared to TAU. This first study evaluating a wide range of medications indicates a possible effect of lifestyle improvements on medication use in inpatients with SMI. Findings need to be confirmed in future controlled studies, however.

9.
BMC Psychiatry ; 17(1): 298, 2017 08 18.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28821287

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Increasing physical activity in patients with severe mental illness is believed to have positive effects on physical health, psychiatric symptoms and as well quality of life. Till now, little is known about the relationship between physical activity and quality of life in long-term hospitalized patients with severe mental illness and knowledge of the determinants of behavioural change is lacking. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the relationship between objectively measured physical activity and quality of life, and explore modifiable psychological determinants of change in physical activity in long-term hospitalized patients with severe mental illness. METHODS: In 184 inpatients, physical activity was measured using an accelerometer (ActiGraph GTX+). Quality of life was assessed by EuroQol-5D and WHOQol-Bref. Attitude and perceived self-efficacy towards physical activity were collected using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale and the Multidimensional Self Efficacy Questionnaire, respectively. Patient and disease characteristics were derived retrospectively from electronic patient records. Associations and potential predictors were analysed using hierarchical regression. RESULTS: Physical activity was positively related with and a predictor of all quality of life outcomes except on the environmental domain, independent of patient and disease characteristics. However, non-linear relationships showed that most improvement in quality of life lies in the change from sedentary to light activity. Attitude and self-efficacy were not related to physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity is positively associated with quality of life, especially for patients in the lower spectrum of physical activity. An association between attitude and self-efficacy and physical activity was absent. Therefore, results suggest the need of alternative, more integrated and (peer-)supported interventions to structurally improve physical activity in this inpatient population. Slight changes from sedentary behaviour to physical activity may be enough to improve quality of life.


Subject(s)
Exercise/psychology , Inpatients/psychology , Length of Stay , Mental Disorders/psychology , Quality of Life/psychology , Adult , Attitude , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Self Efficacy , Surveys and Questionnaires
10.
Psychiatry Res ; 254: 67-74, 2017 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28456024

ABSTRACT

Sedentary behaviour and lack of physical activity threatens health. Research concerning these behaviours of inpatients with severe mental illness is limited but urgently needed to reveal prevalence and magnitude. In total, 184 inpatients (men n =108, women n =76, mean age 57,4, 20% first generation antipsychotics, 40% second generation antipsychotics, 43% antidepressants, mean years hospitalisation 13 years), with severe mental illness of a Dutch psychiatric hospital wore an accelerometer for five days to objectively measure total activity counts per hour and percentages in sedentary behaviour, light intensity physical activity and moderate to vigorous physical activity. Accelerometer data were compared with data of 54 healthy ward employees. Patients showed significantly less activity counts per hour compared to employees (p=0.02), although the differences were small (d=0.32). Patients were sedentary during 84% of the wear time (50min/h), spend 10% in light intensity physical activity and 6% in moderate to vigorous physical activity. Age was the only significant predictor, predicting less total activity counts/h in higher ages. Decreasing sedentary behaviour and improving physical activity in this population should be a high priority in clinical practice.


Subject(s)
Accelerometry/methods , Exercise/psychology , Inpatients/psychology , Mental Disorders/psychology , Sedentary Behavior , Severity of Illness Index , Accelerometry/trends , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cross-Sectional Studies , Exercise/physiology , Female , Humans , Male , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Motor Activity/physiology , Netherlands/epidemiology , Occupational Health
11.
Psychiatry Res ; 244: 24-7, 2016 Oct 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27455147

ABSTRACT

Spontaneous dyskinesia is associated with non-affective psychosis. Few studies investigated dyskinesia in individuals with subclinical psychotic experiences. We examined dyskinesia using instrumental measurements of force variability in 34 individuals with frequent auditory verbal hallucinations but without a clinical psychotic disorder and 31 matched healthy controls. Schizotypy was assessed using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. We found a positive correlation between dyskinesia and schizotypy in the total group. In addition, when using a cut-off point based on the 95th percentile of force variability in the control group, we found a greater proportion of subjects with dyskinesia in the group with auditory verbal hallucinations than in the control subjects. Current findings are in agreement with the concept of psychosis as a continuous phenomenon and with movement disorders being an integral part of psychosis.


Subject(s)
Dyskinesias/diagnosis , Dyskinesias/psychology , Hallucinations/diagnosis , Hallucinations/psychology , Schizotypal Personality Disorder/diagnosis , Schizotypal Personality Disorder/psychology , Adult , Dyskinesias/epidemiology , Female , Hallucinations/epidemiology , Healthy Volunteers , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Personality , Psychotic Disorders/diagnosis , Psychotic Disorders/epidemiology , Psychotic Disorders/psychology , Schizotypal Personality Disorder/epidemiology , Surveys and Questionnaires
12.
J Clin Psychopharmacol ; 36(4): 308-13, 2016 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27300250

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Antipsychotic drugs are prescribed to approximately 30% to 40% of adults with intellectual disability (ID) and behavioral problems despite lack of evidence of effectiveness and potential adverse effects, including movement disorders. AIMS: The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of movement disorders (dyskinesia, akathisia, dystonia, and parkinsonism) in in-patient adults with mild to borderline ID and behavioral problems associated with use of antipsychotics. METHODS: Prevalence of movement disorders was measured with a standardized protocol. The strength of the association between antipsychotic drug use and movement disorders was assessed using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Almost half (44.0%) of 134 in-patient adults with ID and behavioral problems had any movement disorder. Parkinsonism, dyskinesia, akathisia, and dystonia were present in, respectively, 36.6%, 11.2%, 9.0%, and 0.7% of patients with ID. It appeared that current use of any antipsychotic drug (odds ratio, 3.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-8.4) and a dose in target range (odds ratio, 5.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-20.4) were significantly associated with the risk of having movement disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of movement disorders in people with ID and behavioral problems is high, especially in ID patients using antipsychotics. More attention is needed for these movement disorders and their potential impact.


Subject(s)
Akathisia, Drug-Induced/diagnosis , Antipsychotic Agents/adverse effects , Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/diagnosis , Dystonia/diagnosis , Intellectual Disability/drug therapy , Parkinson Disease, Secondary/diagnosis , Problem Behavior , Adolescent , Adult , Akathisia, Drug-Induced/epidemiology , Comorbidity , Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/epidemiology , Dystonia/chemically induced , Dystonia/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Intellectual Disability/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Parkinson Disease, Secondary/chemically induced , Parkinson Disease, Secondary/epidemiology , Prevalence , Young Adult
13.
Psychiatry J ; 2016: 2459693, 2016.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27034921

ABSTRACT

Objective. Constipation is a prevalent problem in patients with psychiatric disorders; it reduces quality of life and may lead to severe complications. The prevalence distribution of constipation across all psychiatric diagnoses in patients with severe mental illness (SMI) has hardly been studied. The aim of this study is to estimate the association between psychiatric disorders and constipation in SMI inpatients. Methods. The strength of the association between constipation (based on use of laxatives) and DSM-IV psychiatric diagnosis was studied in a cross-sectional study with "adjustment disorders" as the reference group. The association was analyzed using logistic regression. Results. Of the 4728 patients, 20.3% had constipation. In the stratum of patients older than 60 years, all psychiatric categories except for substance related disorders were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of constipation (odds ratios ranging from 3.38 to 6.52), whereas no significant associations were found in the stratum of patients between 18 and 60 years (odds ratios ranging from 1.00 to 2.03). Conclusion. In the elderly, all measured psychiatric diagnoses are strongly associated with an increased prevalence of constipation. Physicians should be extra alert for constipation in SMI patients, independent of specific psychiatric diagnoses.

14.
Psychiatry Res ; 238: 189-195, 2016 Apr 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27086232

ABSTRACT

Bradykinesia is associated with reduced quality of life and medication non-compliance, and it may be a prodrome for schizophrenia. Therefore, screening/monitoring for subtle bradykinesia is of clinical and scientific importance. This study investigated the validity and reliability of such an instrument. Included were 70 patients with psychotic disorders. Inertial sensors captured mean cycle duration, amplitude and velocity of four movement tasks: walking, elbow flexion/extension, forearm pronation/supination and leg agility. The concurrent validity with the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) bradykinesia subscale was determined using regression analysis. Reliability was investigated with the intra-class correlation coefficient. The duration, amplitude and velocities of the four tasks measured by the instrument explained 67% of the variance on the UPDRS bradykinesia subscale. The instrument test-retest reliability was high. The instrument investigated in this study is a valid and reliable alternative to observer-rated scales. It is an ideal tool for monitoring bradykinesia as it requires little training and experience to achieve reliable results.


Subject(s)
Exercise Test/methods , Hypokinesia/diagnosis , Psychotic Disorders/physiopathology , Adult , Aged , Elbow/physiopathology , Female , Forearm/physiopathology , Humans , Leg/physiopathology , Male , Middle Aged , Regression Analysis , Reproducibility of Results , Walking
18.
J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol ; 22(6): 432-9, 2012 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23234586

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term treatment effects of risperidone on prolactin levels and prolactin-related side effects in pubertal boys with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and disruptive behavior disorders (DBD). METHOD: Physical healthy 10-20-year-old males with ASD (n=89) and/ or DBD (n=9) chronically treated (mean 52 months, range 16-126 months) with risperidone (group 1, n=51) or not treated with any antipsychotic (group 2, n=47) were recruited to this observational study from the child psychiatry outpatient clinic. Morning non-fasting serum prolactin levels were measured and prolactin-related side effects were assessed by means of questionnaires and physical examination. Group differences were tested with Student's t, χ(2), Fisher exact, and Mann-Whitney tests, and logistic regression analysis, according to the type and distribution of data. RESULTS: Hyperprolactinemia was present in 47% of subjects in group 1 but only in 2% of subjects in group 2 (odds ratio 71.9; 95% CI, 7.7; 676.3). Forty-six percent of subjects in group 1 had asymptomatic hyperprolactinemia. Current risperidone dose and 9-OH risperidone plasma level were significant predictors of hyperprolactinemia (p=0.035 and p=0.03, respectively). Gynecomastia and sexual dysfunction were present in 43% and 14% of the subjects in group 1, respectively, compared with 21% and 0% of subjects in group 2 (p=0.05 and p=0.01). Gynecomastia was not significantly associated with hyperprolactinemia. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperprolactinemia is a common side effect in young males treated over the long term with risperidone. Young males treated with risperidone are more likely to report diminished sexual functioning than are those not treated with antipsychotics.


Subject(s)
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders/drug therapy , Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/drug therapy , Hyperprolactinemia/chemically induced , Risperidone/adverse effects , Adolescent , Adult , Antipsychotic Agents/administration & dosage , Antipsychotic Agents/adverse effects , Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Gynecomastia/chemically induced , Gynecomastia/epidemiology , Humans , Hyperprolactinemia/epidemiology , Isoxazoles/blood , Logistic Models , Male , Paliperidone Palmitate , Prolactin/blood , Prolactin/drug effects , Pyrimidines/blood , Risperidone/administration & dosage , Risperidone/therapeutic use , Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological/chemically induced , Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological/epidemiology , Statistics, Nonparametric , Surveys and Questionnaires , Time Factors , Young Adult
19.
J Clin Psychiatry ; 73(11): 1434-8, 2012 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23218160

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Tardive dyskinesia and dystonia (TDD) are severe side effects of dopamine-blocking agents, particularly antipsychotics. While deep brain stimulation (DBS) has proven effective in the treatment of TDD, little is known about the possible psychiatric complications of DBS in psychiatric patients. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety, specifically the psychiatric side effects, of DBS in patients with medication-induced TDD. DATA SOURCES: PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched systematically on May 25, 2011, for articles written in English, using the search terms deep brain stimulation AND tardive. STUDY SELECTION: Of the 88 original articles retrieved, 17 studies involving 50 patients with TDD who underwent DBS were included in the review. DATA EXTRACTION: Data on the severity of the movement disorders before and after DBS, as rated on the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale or similar scales, were extracted. Data on psychiatric symptoms before and after DBS were used to calculate the percent improvement per patient per rating scale. Overall improvement and confidence intervals were calculated using a 1-sample, 2-sided Student t test. RESULTS: The mean improvement of TDD of the combined patients 3 to 76 months after implantation was 77.5% (95% CI, 71.4%-83.3%; P < .000) on the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale. Of the 50 patients, 1 experienced an exacerbation of depression, and 1 experienced an exacerbation of psychosis. CONCLUSIONS: DBS seems to be effective and relatively safe for patients with treatment-resistant TDD; however, the results should be interpreted with caution, as most of the data are from case reports and small trials.


Subject(s)
Deep Brain Stimulation , Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/therapy , Dystonic Disorders/chemically induced , Dystonic Disorders/therapy , Antiemetics/adverse effects , Antiemetics/therapeutic use , Deep Brain Stimulation/adverse effects , Deep Brain Stimulation/methods , Deep Brain Stimulation/psychology , Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/diagnosis , Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/physiopathology , Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/psychology , Dystonic Disorders/diagnosis , Dystonic Disorders/physiopathology , Dystonic Disorders/psychology , Globus Pallidus/physiopathology , Humans , Neurologic Examination/drug effects , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Psychotropic Drugs/adverse effects , Psychotropic Drugs/therapeutic use , Treatment Outcome
20.
Eur J Endocrinol ; 167(6): 855-63, 2012 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23011870

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the long-term effects of antipsychotic (AP) treatment and AP-induced hyperprolactinemia on bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition in male adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and/or disruptive behavior disorder (DBD). DESIGN: Physically healthy 10- to 20-year-old boys with ASD and/or DBD, chronically treated (n=56; mean 52 months, range 16-126 months) or not treated (n=47) with an AP, were recruited to this observational study. Prolactin levels and biochemical bone parameters were measured and BMD of the lumbar spine and total body, and body composition were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and volumetric BMD of the lumbar spine calculated. Group differences were tested with Student's t-test, χ(2) test, Fisher exact test, and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Forty-nine percent of the boys treated with an AP had hyperprolactinemia. The mean volumetric lumbar spine BMD z-score was lower (P=0.043), the total percentage of body fat z-score was higher (P=0.042), and biochemical bone marker carboxyterminal cross-linking telopeptide of bone collagen was lower in the AP-treated boys with hyperprolactinemia than in the AP-treated boys without hyperprolactinemia. Seven to 11% of the hyperprolactinemic boys had low BMD. The mean lumbar spine and total body BMD z-scores and body composition were similar in the boys who were or were not treated with an AP. The total study population had a lower mean lean tissue mass (mean z-score -0.37, P=0.004) and a higher percentage of total body fat (mean z-score 1.16, P<0.001) than healthy controls (normative data); biochemical bone parameters were within normal limits. CONCLUSION: AP-induced hyperprolactinemia in boys with ASD or DBD may have a negative effect on lumbar spine BMD. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm this finding and further disentangle the effects of the disorder, lifestyle, treatment, and hyperprolactinemia.


Subject(s)
Antipsychotic Agents/adverse effects , Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use , Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders/drug therapy , Bone Density/drug effects , Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/drug therapy , Absorptiometry, Photon , Adolescent , Child , Humans , Hyperprolactinemia/chemically induced , Hyperprolactinemia/metabolism , Male
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