[The demonstration of specific Salmonella typhi antigens by the latex agglutination method]. / Indikatsiia spetsificheskikh antigenov Salmonella typhi metodom lateksnoi aggliutinatsii.

The evaluation of the diagnostic importance of the method of latex agglutination with antibody diagnostica for the detection S.typhi O and Vi antigens in biosubstrates obtained from patients is presented. The clinical approbation of the method has made it possible to characterize its diagnostic specificity (whose indices varied from 95.8 to 100%), sensitivity and significant diagnostic effectiveness (67.7-91.3%). The method has been recommended for the early diagnosis of typhoid fever.

[The use of the latex agglutination test for the rapid diagnosis of salmonellosis in children]. / Primenenie testa lateks-aggliutinatsii dlia ékspress-diagnostiki sal'monelleza u detei.

From 237 children hospitalized in the enteric department of an infectious clinic 381 fecal samples were obtained and examined (after 24-hour pre-cultivation in selenite enrichment medium) in the latex agglutination test. The results thus obtained were compared with the data of the bacteriological study of these samples. For the first time the diagnostic value of the latex agglutination test (LAT) both for the early and retrospective diagnosis of Salmonella mono- and combined infections was established. The possibility of using LAT for augmenting the laboratory determination of salmonellosis, on the average, 2.1-fold in cases of acute enteric infections, including 3.3-fold in mild and non-manifest forms of such infections and 6.2-fold in clinical variants of the disease with lesions of the proximal sections of the gastrointestinal tract, was demonstrated.

[Mono- and polyspecific glycoconjugates based on synthetic O-antigen determinants of Salmonella and their serological characteristics]. / Mono- i polispetsificheskie glikokon''iugaty na osnove sinteticheskikh O-antigennykh determinant sal'monell i ikh serologicheskaia kharakteristika.

Mono- and polydeterminant synthetic antigens have been prepared via copolymerisation of acrylamide with allyl-, 2-acrylamidoethyl, and p-acrylamidophenyl glycosides of di- and trisaccharides representative of the group-specific Salmonella O-antigenic determinants (0:2, 0:3, 0:4, and 0:9). Serological specificity of the glycoconjugates obtained has been studied in enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using monoreceptor antisera.

[The rapid diagnosis of salmonellosis by a determination of the antigen in the biosubstrates of patients using the coagglutination reaction]. / Uskorennaia diagnostika sal'monelleza opredeleniem antigena v biosubstratakh bol'nykh s pomoshch'iu reaktsii koaggliutinatsii.

The diagnostic potential of the coagglutination test was checked with the aim of improving the laboratory diagnosis of Salmonella infections by the detection of Salmonella specific antigen in different biological materials (feces, urine, saliva and immune complexes in blood sera). The study of all specimens resulted in the confirmation of the diagnosis in 78% of patients, often during the first days of the disease. The proportion of nonspecific reactions, as shown in the control groups of healthy donors and patients with dysentery and other acute enteric infections, did not exceed 5%.

[Immunochemical characteristics of artificial antigens with Salmonella O-determinants 4 and 9]. / Immunokhimicheskaia kharakteristika iskusstvennykh antigenov s O-determinantami 4 i 9 Salmonella.

Two new synthetic high-molecular protein-free O-antigens have been obtained. These O-antigens are copolymers of synthetic disaccharides with acrylamide. The copolymers of alpha-allylglycosides, abequosyl-(alpha 1----3]-mannopyranose and tyvelosyl-(alpha 1----3)-mannopyranose, with acrylamide have been shown to possess, respectively, the specificity of immunodominant O-factors 4 and 9 characteristic of Salmonella serogroups B and D1. The synthetic O-antigens have proved to possess higher capacity for binding antibodies in the precipitation test and the hemagglutination inhibition test than the corresponding lipopolysaccharides.

[Cellular and humoral immunity factors in salmonellosis and food toxinfections]. / Sostoianie nekotorykh faktoorov kletochnogo i gumoral'nogo immuniteta pri sal'monelleze i pishchevykh toksikoinfektsiiakh.

The present work deals with the state of cell-mediated and humoral immunity in 129 patients with salmonellosis and 185 patients with alimentary toxicoinfections, determined from the data obtained in the leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) test and the passive hemagglutination (PHA) test with cysteine, at different stages of the disease and depending on the severity of the infectious process. The results of these investigations showed that in adult salmonellosis patients the specific reaction of T- and B-lymphocytes developed as secondary immune response. The results of the LMI test proved to be unrelated to the severity of the infectious process, while antibody formation was found to be most intensive in the acute course of the disease. The investigations also revealed that the activity of reaction in the LMI est did not depend on the presence of humoral antibodies. In the patients with alimentary toxicoinfections changes in the results of the LMI test and the PHA test with cysteine showed the same regularities as in the salmonellosis patients. This permitted the authors to suggest that diseases of Salmonella etiology prevailed in the former group.

[Immunological properties of an artificial antigen possessing the specificity of Salmonella O-factor 3]. / Immunologicheskie svoistva iskusstvennogo antigena, obladaiushchego spetsifichnost'iu O-faktora 3 sal'monell.

For the first time the method of obtaining synthetic protein-free antigen with the specificity of Salmonella O-factor by the radical copolymerization of the synthetic trisaccharide 3-0 [4-0-(beta-D-mannopyranosyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl]-beta-allyl-D- galactopyranoside with acrylamide was developed. The synthetic antigen thus obtained possessed the narrow specificity of serogroup E Salmonella O-factor 3. The serological activity of the antigen, studied in the precipitation and passive hemagglutination tests, was considerably higher than that of lipopolysaccharides isolated from S. anatum and S. newington. This synthetic antigen proved to be nontoxic and possessed immunogenic properties, inducing the formation of antibodies to Salmonella O-factor 3 in immunized animals.

[Preventive activity of an artificial antigen possessing the serological specificity of Salmonella O-factor 3]. / Preventivnaia aktivnost' iskusstvennogo antigena, obladaiushchego serologicheskoi spetsifichnost'iu O-faktora 3 sal'monell.

3-0 [4-0 (beta-D-mannopyranosyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl]-beta-allyl-D- galactopyranoside with acrylamide, a new synthetic antigen possessing the narrow specificity of Salmonella O-factor 3, was found to protect mice, when introduced into the animals by multiple intraperitoneal injections, from the action of the live culture of Salmonella anatum and the toxic doses of its endotoxin.

[Pathogenesis of salmonelloses. Fate of the agent in the early stages of the experimental infectious process]. / K patogenezu sal'monellezov--sud'ba vozbuditelia na rannei stadii éksperimental'nogo infektsionnogo protsessa.

The fate of S. typhimurium was followed during the first 5 hours after infection, and a high invasive activity of Salmonella was revealed. After the oral and enteral infection of the animals with several billion organisms, the latter penetrated the blood and internal organs within 10 minutes. When introduced orally, the organisms disseminated by the hematogenic route primarily in the regional lymph nodes and the lungs, but through the blood the infective agent also penetrated the liver and persisted in this organ for a longer period, accumulating in a considerable amount. 10-30 minutes after infection by introducing Salmonella into the lumen of the duodenum most of the organisms were localized in the intestinal tissue, mesenterial lymph nodes and the liver. The organisms persisted in the mouth cavity and the pharynx during the whole period of observation, but in the contents of the intestine they not only stopped proliferating, but quickly died.

[Interaction of antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes with specific O-antigens and Salmonella haptens]. / Vzaimodeístvie antitel razlichnogo klassa immunoglobulinov so spetsificheskimi )-antigenami i gaptenami sal'monell.

A study was made of the neutralizing properties of antisalmonella antibodies belonging to different immunoglobulin classes in respect to specific O-antigen (Lipopolysaccharide S. anatum) and haptens of salmonellae. In comparison with IgM-antibodies, IgG-antibodies were more stable bound not only with the univalent trisaccharide determinant, but also with the polysaccharide. However, in regard to the lipopolysaccharide complex the neutralizing activity of IgM- and IgG-antibodies was about the same; IgA-antibodies possessed the greatest neutralizing activity with respect to all the antigenic preparations used. The minimal neutralizing dose of the antigen and haptens increased with the reduction of the size of their molecule. A marked heterogeneity of antibodies of each of the immunoglobulin classes by their antigen-neutralizing properties was revealed in individual sera.

[Formation of antibodies of different classes in salmonelloses and typhoid fever]. / Osobennosti obrazovaniia antitel razlichnykh klassov pri sal'monellezakh i briushnom tife.

A modified method of chromatographic analysis was used to obtain fractions of immunoglobulins classes M, G, and A from the sera of patients suffering from salmonelloses, typhoid fever, and carriers; with the aid of passive hemagglutination test O-, H- and Vi-antibodies were determined in the fractions. In food poisoning of salmonella etiology in adults the antibody formation as a rule occurred by the type of secondary immune response, whereas its intensity depended on the severity of the clinical course of the disease. In case of an uncomplicated affection there was an increase of antibodies of all the three immunoglobulin classes. In formation of prolonged carrier state a deficiency of O-antibodies of the IgM-class was noted; this was, however, combined with the normal production of immunoglobulins of class M of H-antibodies. Immune humoral reaction was practically absent in the transitory carriers.

[Improvement of the serological diagnosis of food poisoning]. / Usovershenstvovanie serologicheskoi diagnostiki pishchevykh toksikoinfektsii

A possibility was shown of improvement of serological diagnosis of salmonelloses with the aid of polyvalent (complex) and group salmonellosis stable formalinized erythrocytic diagnostic agents. The use of the mentioned preparations for titration of antibodies of different immunochemical nature in the sera of patients suffering from food toxicoinfections permitted to confirm the clinical diagnosis of salmonellosis in about 30% of cases.