Concurrent Bacteremia Due to Non-vaccine Serotype 24F Pneumococcus in Twins: A Rapid Increase in Serotype 24F-invasive Pneumococcal Disease and its High Invasive Potential.

Although concurrent bacteremia in siblings is rare, serotype 24F Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from the blood of twin 1-year-old girls within a 3-day interval, supporting the high invasive potential of this serotype. As the prevalence of childhood serotype 24F-invasive pneumococcal diseases increases in Europe and the Western Pacific Region, investigation and surveillance of this serotype are necessary.

Proinflammatory cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with nontyphoidal Salmonella encephalopathy.

Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) encephalopathy is characterized by rapidly progressive brain dysfunction that develops after NTS enteritis. The mechanism of central nervous system involvement remains unclear. We examined cerebrospinal fluids from 7 patients for cytokines and found elevated interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 concentrations in all the patients, suggesting that the proinflammatory cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of NTS encephalopathy.