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1.
J Nutr ; 142(5): 924-30, 2012 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22457392

ABSTRACT

Certain amino acids, such as leucine (Leu) are not only substrates for protein synthesis but also are important regulators of protein metabolism. Moreover, it is known that alterations in intrauterine growth favor the development of chronic diseases in adulthood. Therefore, we investigated the role of Leu in combination with other BCAA on effects that are induced by maternal protein restriction on fetal growth. Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups according to the diet provided during pregnancy: control (C; 20% casein); V+I [5% casein + 2% L-valine (Val) + 2% L-isoleucine (Ile)]; KYT [5% casein + 1.8% L-lysine (Lys) + 1.2% L-tyrosine (Tyr) + 1% L-threonine (Thr)]; and BCAA (5% casein + 1.8% L-Leu + 1.2% L-Val + 1% L-Ile). Maternal protein restriction reduced the growth and organ weight of the offspring of dams receiving the V+I and KYT diets compared with the C group. Supplementation with BCAA reversed this growth deficit, minimizing the difference or restoring the mass of organs and carcass fat, the liver and muscle protein, and the RNA concentrations compared with newborns in the C group (P < 0.05). These effects could be explained by the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway, because phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 in the liver of offspring of the BCAA group was greater than that in the C, V+I, and KYT groups. The present results identify a critical role for Leu in association with other BCAA in the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway for the control of altered intrauterine growth induced by a maternal low-protein diet.


Subject(s)
Dietary Proteins/pharmacology , Fetal Growth Retardation/diet therapy , Fetal Growth Retardation/prevention & control , Leucine/pharmacology , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Body Composition/drug effects , Body Composition/physiology , Body Weight/drug effects , Body Weight/physiology , Diet, Protein-Restricted/adverse effects , Dietary Proteins/blood , Female , Liver/physiology , Male , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , Organ Size/drug effects , Organ Size/physiology , Pregnancy , Proteins/genetics , Proteins/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Serum Albumin/metabolism , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Signal Transduction/physiology , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Weight Gain/drug effects , Weight Gain/physiology
2.
Nutrire Rev. Soc. Bras. Aliment. Nutr ; 35(2)ago. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-558337

ABSTRACT

The incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing in epidemic proportions. Currently, several studies have suggested that signals from amino acids and hormones present convergence that can lead tochanges in glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, thus having effectson the maintenance of body weight. Although in vitro and in vivo studies show considerable effects of leucine on energy homeostasis, by possible effects on satiety and on energy expenditure increase, as well as on genes and on protein expression in several tissues mainly in adipocytes, other effects have been noted to impair glucose homeostasis by promoting insulin resistance and increased gluconeogenesis. Furthermore, leucine signalingis integrated by the protein target of rapamycin in mammals (mTOR), asensor of energy that phosphorylates S6K protein, which is able to phosphorylate serine 307 of the insulin receptor 1 substrate as a negative feedback and therefore favor insulin resistance. Thus, the understanding of integrated transductional, hormonal and nutrient (leucine) signals may favor the clarification over new approaches to the treatment of various metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. In conclusion, the objective of this study was to review the role of leucine in glycemic control and insulin resistance.


La incidencia de obesidad y diabetis mellitus tipo 2 esta aumentando en proporciones epidémicas. Actualmente diversos estudios sugieren que señales convergentes originados de aminoácidos y hormonas pueden favorecer alteraciones en el metabolismo de la glucosa y en la sensibilidad a la insulina afectando la mantención del peso corporal. A pesar de estudios in vitro e in vivo que presentan importantes efectos de la leucina en lahomeostasis energética, por posibles acción sobre la saciedad y el aumento del gasto energético, como también en los genes y la expresión de proteínas en varios tejidos, principalmente el adiposo, otros efectos se han destacados por perjudicar la homeostasis de la glucosa, promoviendo resistencia a insulina y aumento de la gluconeogénesis. Además, la señalización de la leucina es integrada por la proteína alvode rapamicina en mamíferos (mTOR), un sensor energético que fosforila la proteína S6k, esta, capaz de actuar por feedback negativo, fosforilando la serina 307del sustrato del receptor de insulina-1 y consecuentemente, favorece la resistencia a la insulina. Así, el entendimiento integrado de las señales transduccionales, hormonales y por nutrientes (leucina), pueden favorecer el entendimiento de nuevos enfoques para el tratamiento de varias enfermedades metabólicas, tales como la obesidad y la diabetes.El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar el papel de la leucina en el control de la glucemia y en la resistencia a la insulina.


A incidência da obesidade e do diabetes mellitus tipo 2 está aumentando em proporções epidêmicas. Atualmente, diversos estudos têm sugerido que sinais oriundos de aminoácidos e hormônios apresentam convergência, podendo favorecer mudanças no metabolismo da glicose e na sensibilidade à insulina e, portanto, exercem efeitos sobre a manutenção do peso corporal. Embora estudos in vitro e in vivo apresentem importantes efeitos da leucina na homeostase energética, por possíveis efeitos na saciedade e no aumento do gasto energético, bem como nos genes e na expressão de proteínas em vários tecidos principalmente nos adiposos, outros efeitos têm sido destacados por prejudicar a homeostase da glicose, promovendo a resistência à insulina e o aumento da gliconeogênese. Além disso, a sinalização da leucina é integrada pela proteína alvo da rapamicina em mamíferos(mTOR), um sensor energético, que fosforila a proteína S6k, sendo esta capaz de agir por feedback negativo, fosforilando na serina 307 o substrato do receptor de insulina-1 e, consequentemente, favorecendo a resistência à insulina. Desse modo, o entendimento integrado dos sinais transducionais, hormonais e por nutrientes (leucina), podem favorecer o esclarecimento sobre novas abordagens para o tratamento de várias doenças metabólicas, tais como a obesidade e o diabetes. Posto isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi revisar o papel da leucina no controle glicêmico e na resistência à insulina.


Subject(s)
Glycemic Index , Insulin Resistance , Leucine , Adipocytes , Blood Glucose , Metabolic Diseases , Stress, Physiological
3.
Braz. j. pharm. sci ; 46(1): 29-36, Jan.-Mar. 2010. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-548733

ABSTRACT

In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that high protein diets affect both protein synthesis and regulation of several cellular processes. The role of amino acids as substrate for protein synthesis has been established in the literature. However, the mechanism by which these amino acids modulate transcription and regulate the mRNA translation via mTOR-dependent signaling pathway has yet to be fully determined. It has been verified that mTOR is a protein responsible for activating a cascade of biochemical intracellular events which result in the activation of the protein translation process. Of the aminoacids, leucine is the most effective in stimulating protein synthesis and reducing proteolysis. Therefore, it promotes a positive nitrogen balance, possibly by favoring the activation of this protein. This amino acid also directly and indirectly stimulates the synthesis and secretion of insulin, enhancing its anabolic cellular effects. Therefore, this review aimed to identify the role of leucine in protein synthesis modulation and to discuss the metabolic aspects related to this aminoacid.


Estudos in vivo e in vitro verificaram que dietas hiperprotéicas influenciam a síntese protéica e regulam vários processos celulares. O papel dos aminoácidos como substrato para a síntese de proteínas já está bem evidenciado na literatura, porém as formas como esses aminoácidos modulam a etapa da transcrição e regulam a tradução do RNAm, pela via de sinalização dependente da mTOR, ainda não estão totalmente esclarecidas. Tem-se verificado que a mTOR é uma proteína responsável por ativar uma cascata de eventos bioquímicos intracelulares que culminam na ativação do processo de tradução protéica. Dentre todos os aminoácidos, a leucina é a mais eficaz em estimular a síntese protéica, reduzir a proteólise e, portanto, favorecer o balanço nitrogenado positivo, possivelmente por favorecer a ativação desta proteína. Além disso, este aminoácido estimula direta e indiretamente a síntese e a secreção de insulina, e, assim, aumenta as propriedades anabólicas celulares. Nesse sentido, a presente revisão tem como objetivo identificar o papel da leucina na modulação da síntese protéica e abordar aspectos metabólicos relacionados a este aminoácido.


Subject(s)
Leucine , Proteins/chemical synthesis , Transcription Factors/chemical synthesis , Protein Biosynthesis
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