Participating as a research team during the COVID-19 pandemic benefits mental health of undergraduate medical students in Brazil.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, undergraduate medical students (UMS) exposed to isolation, social distancing and complete or partial face-to-face educational activities interruption may present increased stress, depression and anxiety. This study was undertaken to evaluate if, during isolation, UMS involved in online group activities as investigators of a research project (volunteer group) would present better mental health than their colleagues, not involved in that research (control group). A Web-based survey, via the Google Forms platform, including details on demographic data, life habits, previous health conditions, worries with the COVID-19 pandemic, sleep pattern modifications and depression, anxiety and mental stress, using the DASS-21 (Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale) was implemented from 20 July to 31 August 2020. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS version 20.0. A p-value <0.05 was significant. A total of 684 UMS were included, 228 as a volunteer group and 456 as a control group. Mean age was 23.15 (3.16) years. The groups were paired for age, gender, ethnicity, life habits and previous health conditions. Older age, male gender, participation in the research project, unchanged sleep pattern during the pandemic, lack of fear from getting the COVID-19 and lack of previous health conditions were associated with lower DASS21 scores (better mental health). Participating as investigators of a research project foreseeing frequent interaction with patients, colleagues and professors (other investigators) lead to better mental health during the COVID-19 quarantine in Brazil.

Validity of the Frequency of Suicidal Ideation Inventory in Brazilian adults.

We examined the validity of the Brazilian Frequency of Suicidal Ideation Inventory (FSII-Br), an adaptation of the Frequency of Suicidal Ideation Inventory (FSII), in 946 Brazilian undergraduates. Confirmatory factor analysis of the FSII-Br demonstrated a one-factor model accounting for 62.39% of the variance in FSII-Br scores with a good FIT index. Correlation analyses demonstrated that the FSII-Br was positively correlated with both measures of suicide ideation and suicide risk (viz., depressive symptoms, anxious symptoms, and hopelessness), providing construct validity. Thus, the FSII-Br was found to be a promising tool in assessing suicide risk among Brazilian adults.

Epidemio-toxicological profile of suicide cases: analysis from a forensic unit in Brazil.

The suicide phenomenon involves complex interactions between psychological, biological, cultural and socio-environmental factors. This study aimed to assess the epidemiological and toxicological profiles of officially confirmed suicide victims. A retrospective study was performed using autopsy reports, forensic anthropology examinations and police summaries of all suicide cases that underwent toxicological analysis at an Official Forensic Laboratory (Minas Gerais, Brazil) in 1 year. The sample set was composed of 351 suicide victims, predominantly men (70.32%), most of them were adults between 31 and 64 years old (62.11%), with mixed skin colour (48.89%) and low educational level (66.44%). The most common suicide method was hanging (57.79%), followed by intoxication (30.45%). Most victims presented positive toxicological results (56.41%), especially for the presence of medicines (37.6%), illicit drugs (36.3%) and pesticides (26.1%). Our study corroborated previous data that most suicide victims have low educational levels. The most common toxicological findings were medicines, especially prescription drugs, followed by illicit drugs and pesticides. We hope this study contributes to reflections and planning of preventive suicide programmes, considering the described profiles of victims.

Comparative Analysis of Psychology Responding to COVID-19 Pandemic in Brics Nations.

The BRICS Forum, an independent international organization encouraging commercial, political, and cultural cooperation between Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, was formed in 2011, and these countries have a significant influence on their regional affairs. These nations were hit by COVID-19 at different times, and all adopted home quarantine to reduce the spread of the virus. We present a comparative analysis of actions of psychology and potential outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in BRICS nations regarding five aspects: psychology in health policies, social roles of psychology, socioeconomic context, actions for the general population, and health professionals during stage 1 of the pandemic, and possible actions in stage 2. Various types of actions were taken by psychologists in BRICS, with different levels of coordinated cooperation with respective governmental and non-governmental organizations, multiple and parallel efforts from different scientific societies, and professional regulatory agencies. Scientific societies have had an important role in coordinating some of these efforts, especially because they congregate the psychologists from different parts of these countries, improving communication and access to key information. The aim of these actions varies from improving situational skills and competences to increase the accessibility of psychological services and provide psychoeducation and telepsychology. We will consider the social importance of these actions within these countries as a global opportunity for psychology to stage in a complex context involving human health. The way psychology in BRICS will face this challenging situation is likely to produce important regional influence, stimulate scientific contribution, and increase the accessibility of psychology.

Questionário de estresse para pais de crianças com transtornos do desenvolvimento: validação / Questionnaire on stress for parents of children with developmental delay: validation / Cuestionario de estrés para padres de niños con trastornos del desarrollo: validación

O objetivo do estudo foi adaptar e validar o Questionnaire on Resources and Stress-Short Form (QRS-F), desenvolvido para medir o estresse de pais de crianças com transtornos do desenvolvimento (TD), criando uma versão para a população brasileira, o Questionário de Estresse para Pais de Crianças com Transtornos do Desenvolvimento (QE-PTD). Participaram do estudo 360 pais de crianças com (TD), com idade média de 32,13 anos (DP = 8,19), sendo 65,6% crianças com paralisia cerebral. Após a análise fatorial o resultado, foi o QE-PTD com 32 itens e quatro fatores (Fator I: Incapacidades da Criança; Fator II: Problemas Familiares; Fator III: Restrições Comportamentais; Fator IV: Sobrecarga Emocional). Os quatro fatores explicam 46% da variância com Kuder-Richardson 20 de 0,88 para a escala total. O QE-PTD mostrou correlações moderadas com o Questionário de Saúde Geral e com o Inventário Beck de Depressão. Os resultados mostram índices de confiabilidade e validade satisfatórios. (AU)

The aim of the study was to adapt and validate the Questionnaire on Resources and Stress-Short Form (QRS-F), developed to assess the stress of parents of children with developmental disorders (DD), creating a version for the Brazilian population, the Questionnaire of Stress for Parents of Children with Developmental Disorders (QE-PTD). Study participants were 360 parents of children with DD, with a mean age of 32.13 years (SD = 8.19), 65.6% of whom had children with cerebral palsy. Through factor analysis, the QE-PTD was found to have 32 items and four factors (Factor I: Child's Disabilities; Factor II: Family Problems; Factor III: Behavioral Restrictions; and Factor IV: Emotional Overload). The four factors explained 46% of the variance with a Kuder-Richardson formula 20 value of .88 for the total scale. The QE-PTD presented moderate correlations with the General Health Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory. The results obtained showed satisfactory reliability and validation indices. (AU)

El objetivo del estudio fue adaptar y validar el Questionnaire on Resources and Stress-Short Form (QRS-F), creado para medir el estrés de padres de niños con trastornos del desarrollo (TD), originando una versión brasileña: el Cuestionario de Estrés para Padres de Niños con Trastornos del Desarrollo (QE-PTD). Participaron en el estudio 360 padres de niños con TD, con una edad media de 32,13 años (DS = 8,19), de los cuales 65,6% eran niños con parálisis cerebral. Tras el análisis factorial, el resultado fue el QE-PTD con 32 ítems y cuatro factores (Factor I: Discapacidades del niño; Factor II: Problemas familiares; Factor III: Restricciones conductuales; Factor IV: Sobrecarga emocional) Los cuatro factores explican el 46% de la varianza con Kuder-Richardson 20 de 0,88 para la escala total. El QE-PTD presentó correlaciones moderadas con el Cuestionario de Salud General y el Inventario de Depresión de Beck. Los resultados muestran índices de fiabilidad y validez satisfactorios. (AU)

Relações familiares e cognições disfuncionais de adolescentes: uma revisão sistemática / Family relations and adolescents dysfunctional cognitions: a systematic review / Relaciones familiares y cogniciones disfuncionales de los adolescentes: una revisión sistemática

O bom funcionamento familiar é fundamental para o desenvolvimento saudável e cognitivo de crianças e adolescentes. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi reunir, sistematizar e analisar pesquisas que tratassem da associação entre relações familiares e cognições disfuncionais dos filhos entre 2008 e 2019. A partir da busca em cinco bases de dados, utilizando como referência o PRISMA, foram selecionados 13 artigos. A análise dos artigos indicou uma grande variedade de termos utilizados para descrever tanto as relações familiares (por exemplo, parentalidade, conflitos) quanto as cognições (cognições mal adaptativas, distorções cognitivas, crenças metacognitivas). Em termos das associações, foi encontrado um padrão entre relações familiares disfuncionais e cognições relacionadas à ansiedade. Diante dos achados, sugere-se que terapias infantojuvenis visem também o aprimoramento da capacidade parental de resolver problemas, com o objetivo de reduzir conflitos intrafamiliares.

A functional family environment is vital to the healthy and cognitive development of children and adolescents. In this sense, the aim of this study was to gather, systematize and analyze researches that addressed the connections between family relations and children's dysfunctional cognitions between 2008 and 2019. From the search in five databases, using PRISMA as a reference, 13 articles were selected. The analysis of the articles indicated a wide variety of terms used to describe both family relations (for example, parenting, conflicts) and cognitions (maladaptive cognitions, cognitive distortions, metacognitive beliefs). In terms of associations, a pattern was found between dysfunctional family relations and anxiety-related cognitions. Given the findings, it is suggested that children and adolescent therapies also aim at improving parental capacity to solve problems, with the objective of reducing intra-family conflicts.

El buen funcionamiento familiar es fundamental para el desarrollo saludable y cognitivo de niños y adolescentes. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue reunir, sistematizar y analizar investigaciones que abordaron las asociaciones entre las relaciones familiares y las cogniciones disfuncionales de los niños entre 2008 y 2019. De la búsqueda en cinco bases de datos, utilizando PRISMA como referencia, se seleccionaron 13 artículos. El análisis de los artículos indicó una amplia variedad de términos utilizados para describir tanto las relaciones familiares (por ejemplo, la paternidad, los conflictos) como las cogniciones (cogniciones desadaptativas, distorsiones cognitivas, creencias metacognitivas). En términos de asociaciones, se encontró un patrón entre las relaciones familiares disfuncionales y las cogniciones relacionadas con la ansiedad. Dados los hallazgos, se sugiere que las terapias infanto-juveniles tengan como objetivo mejorar la capacidad de los padres para resolver problemas, con el objetivo de reducir los conflictos intrafamiliares.

Effects of Participating in a Research Project During the COVID-19 Pandemic on Medical Students' Educational Routines and Mental Health: Protocol for a Web-Based Survey Study.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in social isolation, which has a potential negative impact on the educational routines (eg, the suspension of face-to-face appointments) and mental health of medical students. The Mario Pinotti II (MPII) study is a 24-week observational study that conducted scheduled telephone calls every 2 weeks to verify the occurrence of COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic diseases on chronic hydroxychloroquine therapy (from March 29, 2020, to September 30, 2020). The effects of voluntarily participating in a research project (ie, one that involves interactions via telephone contact with patients, professors, rheumatologists, and colleagues) on the daily lives and mental health of medical students requires evaluation. OBJECTIVE: As medical students are professionals in training and have a high level of responsibility in terms of handling the emotional and physical aspects of several diseases, this study aims to evaluate the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and participation in the MPII study on the educational routines and mental health of medical students. METHODS: A web-based survey was carried out to perform a cross-sectional comparative assessment of medical students who participated in the MPII study and their colleagues who were not involved in the MPII study. Participants from both groups were matched based on sex, age, and medical school. The web questionnaire was developed by a panel composed of graduate medical students, rheumatologists, medical school professors, and a psychology professor. The questionnaire included details on demographic and life habits data and evaluated participants' impressions of the MPII study and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their educational routines and medical training. In addition, depression, anxiety, and stress were evaluated using the Brazilian version of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS)-21, and currently, the DASS-21 scores are grouped as those that indicate a low, moderate, or high risk of mental distress. This project was approved by the Federal University of São Paulo Ethics Committee (CAAE: 34034620.0.0000.5505). RESULTS: Data were collected from both medical student groups from July 20 to August 31, 2020. Data extraction was completed in September 2020. The data analysis is ongoing. We expect the results to be published in the first semester of 2021. CONCLUSIONS: This study will provide insight into the effects of participating in a research project on depression, anxiety, and stress, which will be determined by applying the DASS-21 to a large sample of Brazilian undergraduate medical students. We will also evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical students' educational routines and medical training. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/24617.

A longitudinal model for psychological distress in the COVID-19 crisis among brazilian graduate students / Um modelo longitudinal de sofrimento psicológico na crise da COVID-19 entre pós-graduandos brasileiros / Un modelo longitudinal de sufrimiento psicológico en la crisis del COVID-19 entre posgraduados brasileños

As most evidence for mental health impacts of the COVID-19 crisis is cross-sectional, the present study aimed to analyze the longitudinal development of psychological suffering among 619 Brazilian adults by assessing mental health outcomes and individual factors in two periods: a year before and a month after the break of the pandemic. As major findings, pandemic psychological suffering was directly explained by previous-year suffering, conscientiousness, and pandemic perceived stress, and correlated with pandemic suicidal ideation. Pandemic perceived stress correlated with pandemic psychological distress, and was explained by previous-year suffering, neuroticism, and conscientiousness, as well as by pandemic life satisfaction and perceived pandemic impact. Finally, pandemic suicidal ideation variance was explained by prior ideation and pandemic life satisfaction. These findings are in line with current models of mental health and highlight the importance of integrating both more stable individual factors and more transient variables towards an explanation for mental health outcomes

Evidências dos impactos da crise da COVID-19 sobre a saúde-mental são em sua maioria transversais. Portanto, o presente estudo propôs-se a analisar o desenvolvimento longitudinal do sofrimento psicológico de 619 adultos brasileiros, avaliando fatores individuais e desfechos de saúde-mental em dois tempos: um ano antes e um mês após a deflagração da pandemia. O nível de sofrimento um mês após o início da pandemia foi explicado pelo sofrimento e conscienciosidade prévios e por estresse percebido na pandemia, correlacionando-se com ideação suicida pandêmica. Estresse percebido na pandemia foi explicado por neuroticismo, conscienciosidade e sofrimento anteriores, bem como por satisfação com a vida e impacto percebido na pandemia. Por fim, ideação suicida pandêmica foi explicada por ideação prévia e satisfação com a vida na pandemia. Esses achados corroboram modelos atuais de saúde-mental e ressaltam a importância de se integrar tanto fatores individuais estáveis quanto variáveis transientes à explicação de desfechos de saúde-mental

Evidencia de los impactos de la crisis del COVID-19 en la salud-mental es mayoritariamente transversal. Así, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar el desarrollo longitudinal del sufrimiento psicológico en 619 adultos brasileños, evaluando factores individuales y de salud-mental en dos períodos: un año antes y un mes después del brote de la pandemia. Sufrimiento psicológico pandémico se explica por sufrimiento y conscienciosidade anteriores y por estrés pandémico percibido, correlacionando con ideación suicida pandémica. Estrés percibido en la pandemia se correlacionó con sufrimiento psicológico pandémico y se explicó por neuroticismo, conscienciosidade y sufrimientos previos, así como por satisfacción con la vida y el impacto percibido pandémicos. Finalmente, ideación suicida pandémica se explica por ideación previa y satisfacción con la vida en la pandemia. Estos resultados corroboran modelos actuales de salud-mental y subrayan la importancia de integrar tanto factores individuales estables como variables transitorias en la explicación de resultados de salud-mental

Impactos do avanço da pandemia de COVID-19 na saúde mental de profissionais de saúde / Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic advancement on healthcare workers mental health / Impactos del avance de la pandemia COVID-19 en la salud mental de los profesionales sanitarios

O estudo verificou a associação e a influência entre variáveis sociodemográficas, laborais, impactos da pandemia (desesperança, contaminação, óbito na família), traços de personalidade e de saúde mental em profissionais de saúde brasileiros em dois tempos distintos da pandemia de COVID-19. Foram incluídos 155 profissionais que responderam um questionário online. Foi utilizado o modelo de redes para a análise dos dados. Os sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e estresse foram os mais influentes no modelo testado e apresentaram associações com a desesperança nos dois tempos. No tempo 1, o estigma foi uma das variáveis mais influentes. No tempo 2, o estigma e a ansiedade reduziram sua influência, enquanto o estresse e a desesperança tornaram-se mais influentes. Os alvos das intervenções para os profissionais de saúde podem ser diferenciados no início e no avanço do contexto pandêmico, mas cabe contínua focalização do estresse e da desesperança

The study verified the association and influence between sociodemographic and labor variables, pandemic impacts (hopelessness, contamination, death in the family), personality and mental health traits in Brazilian health professionals at two different times of the COVID-19 pandemic. There were 155 professionals included who replied to an online questionnaire. The network model was used for data analysis. Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress were the most influential variables in the model tested and showed connections with hopelessness at both times. At time 1, stigma was one of the most influential variables. At time 2, stigma and anxiety reduced their influence, while stress and hopelessness became more prominent. The targets of interventions for health professionals can be differentiated in relation to the onset and progression of the pandemic context, but with a continuous focus on the level of stress and hopelessness for intervention

El estudio verificó la asociación e influencia entre variables sociodemográficas y laborales, impactos de la pandemia (desesperanza, contaminación, muerte en la familia), rasgos de personalidad y salud mental en trabajadores sanitarios brasileños en dos momentos de la pandemia del COVID-19. Se incluyeron 155 profesionales que respondieron a un cuestionario en línea. Se utilizó el modelo de red para el análisis. Los síntomas de depresión, ansiedad y estrés fueron las variables más influyentes y mostraron conexiones con la desesperanza en ambos momentos. En el momento 1, el estigma fue una de las variables más influyentes. En el momento 2, el estigma y la ansiedad redujeron su influencia y el estrés y la desesperanza se hicieron más prominentes. Los objetivos de las intervenciones para los trabajadores sanitarios se pueden diferenciar en el inicio y en el avance de la pandemia, pero es necesario un enfoque continuo en el estrés y desesperanza

[Suicide and indigenous populations in Brazil: systematic reviewEl suicidio y los pueblos indígenas brasileños: revisión sistemática]. / Suicídio e povos indígenas brasileiros: revisão sistemática.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency, characteristics, and factors contributing to suicide in indigenous populations in Brazil. METHOD: A systematic review of the literature was performed in PubMed, SciELO, PsycINFO, and LILACS. All population-based studies focusing on suicide among indigenous populations in Brazil were included. RESULTS: The search identified 111 articles, of which nine met the inclusion criteria. Three of these studies were performed in the Midwest and four in the North of Brazil, while two covered all Brazilian regions. The ethnic groups investigated were specified in three studies (Terena, Kadiweu, Guato, Ofaie-Xavante, Guarani, Guarani-Kaiowá, and Guarani-Nandeva). Suicide rates were highest among males, single individuals, those with 4 to 11 years of schooling, and those aged 15 to 24 years. Suicides occurred most often in the home and on weekends, mostly by hanging. The main risk factors for suicide identified in the articles were poverty, historical and cultural factors, poor wellbeing indicators, family disintegration, social vulnerability, and lack of life or future perspective. CONCLUSIONS: All the studies indicated the need to engage communities in developing strategies, considering their cosmovision and the social, historic, and cultural view of each ethnic group to minimize risk factors and reduce suicide rates.

OBJETIVO: Describir la frecuencia y las características del suicidio y sus factores contribuyentes en los pueblos indígenas brasileños. MÉTODO: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la bibliografía a partir de las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO, PsycINFO y LILACS. Se incluyeron estudios de base poblacional enfocados en el suicidio en las poblaciones indígenas en el territorio brasileño. RESULTADOS: En la búsqueda se encontraron 111 artículos, de los cuales nueve se ciñeron a los criterios de inclusión. Se realizaron tres estudios en la región centro oeste y cuatro en la región norte, además de otros dos que abarcaron todas las regiones de Brasil. En tres estudios se citaron todas las siete etnias estudiadas (Terena, Kadiweu, Guato, Ofaie-Xavante, Guaraní, Guaraní-Kaiowá y E-Nandeva). En los estudios se demostró una mayor tasa de mortalidad por suicidio en personas solteras del sexo masculino, con 4 a 11 años de escolaridad, en el grupo de 15 a 24 años de edad, en el domicilio y en los fines de semana, principalmente por el método de ahorcamiento. Los principales factores de riesgo de suicidio fueron la pobreza, factores históricos y culturales, el índice de bienestar bajo, la desintegración de las familias, la vulnerabilidad social, y la falta de sentido de la vida y del futuro. CONCLUSIONES: Todos los estudios indicaron la necesidad de formular estrategias junto con las comunidades, dentro del marco de su cosmovisión y de los aspectos sociales, históricos y culturales de cada etnia, con el fin de reducir al mínimo los factores de riesgo y la tasa de mortalidad por suicidio.

Suicídio e povos indígenas brasileiros: revisão sistemática

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Descrever a frequência, as características e os fatores que contribuem para o suicídio em povos indígenas brasileiros. Método. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura a partir das bases de dados PubMed, SciELO, PsycINFO e LILACS. Foram incluídos estudos de base populacional que enfocassem suicídio em populações indígenas no território brasileiro. Resultados. A busca identificou 111 artigos, dos quais nove preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Três estudos foram realizados na região Centro-Oeste, quatro na região Norte do Brasil e dois abordaram todas as regiões do Brasil. Três estudos citaram as etnias estudadas, totalizando sete etnias (Terena, Kadiweu, Guato, Ofaie-Xavante, Guarani, Guarani-Kaiowá e Guarani-Nandeva). Os estudos demonstraram maior taxa de mortalidade por suicídio em pessoas do sexo masculino, solteiros, com 4 a 11 anos de escolaridade, na faixa etária de 15 a 24 anos, no domicílio e nos finais de semana, tendo como principal método o enforcamento. Os principais fatores de risco para o suicídio foram pobreza, fatores históricos e culturais, baixos indicadores de bem estar, desintegração das famílias, vulnerabilidade social e falta de sentido de vida e futuro. Conclusões. Todos os estudos indicaram a necessidade de desenvolvimento de estratégias em conjunto com as comunidades, considerando sua cosmovisão e os aspectos sócio-histórico-culturais de cada etnia, para minimização dos fatores de risco e redução da taxa de suicídio.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To describe the frequency, characteristics, and factors contributing to suicide in indigenous populations in Brazil. Method. A systematic review of the literature was performed in PubMed, SciELO, PsycINFO, and LILACS. All population-based studies focusing on suicide among indigenous populations in Brazil were included. Results. The search identified 111 articles, of which nine met the inclusion criteria. Three of these studies were performed in the Midwest and four in the North of Brazil, while two covered all Brazilian regions. The ethnic groups investigated were specified in three studies (Terena, Kadiweu, Guato, Ofaie-Xavante, Guarani, Guarani-Kaiowá, and Guarani-Nandeva). Suicide rates were highest among males, single individuals, those with 4 to 11 years of schooling, and those aged 15 to 24 years. Suicides occurred most often in the home and on weekends, mostly by hanging. The main risk factors for suicide identified in the articles were poverty, historical and cultural factors, poor wellbeing indicators, family disintegration, social vulnerability, and lack of life or future perspective. Conclusions. All the studies indicated the need to engage communities in developing strategies, considering their cosmovision and the social, historic, and cultural view of each ethnic group to minimize risk factors and reduce suicide rates.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Describir la frecuencia y las características del suicidio y sus factores contribuyentes en los pueblos indígenas brasileños. Método. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la bibliografía a partir de las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO, PsycINFO y LILACS. Se incluyeron estudios de base poblacional enfocados en el suicidio en las poblaciones indígenas en el territorio brasileño. Resultados. En la búsqueda se encontraron 111 artículos, de los cuales nueve se ciñeron a los criterios de inclusión. Se realizaron tres estudios en la región centro oeste y cuatro en la región norte, además de otros dos que abarcaron todas las regiones de Brasil. En tres estudios se citaron todas las siete etnias estudiadas (Terena, Kadiweu, Guato, Ofaie-Xavante, Guaraní, Guaraní-Kaiowá y E-Nandeva). En los estudios se demostró una mayor tasa de mortalidad por suicidio en personas solteras del sexo masculino, con 4 a 11 años de escolaridad, en el grupo de 15 a 24 años de edad, en el domicilio y en los fines de semana, principalmente por el método de ahorcamiento. Los principales factores de riesgo de suicidio fueron la pobreza, factores históricos y culturales, el índice de bienestar bajo, la desintegración de las familias, la vulnerabilidad social, y la falta de sentido de la vida y del futuro. Conclusiones. Todos los estudios indicaron la necesidad de formular estrategias junto con las comunidades, dentro del marco de su cosmovisión y de los aspectos sociales, históricos y culturales de cada etnia, con el fin de reducir al mínimo los factores de riesgo y la tasa de mortalidad por suicidio.

Association of Loss Aversion, Personality Traits, Depressive, Anxious, and Suicidal Symptoms: Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: Loss aversion is defined as the individual perception of losses with a more significant impact than the gains of the same proportion, where people would be more sensitive to the possibility of losing objects or money than to the possibility of winning, even the same quantities. However, studies relating to loss aversion and psychological factors are still incipient. The aim of the present literature review was to identify and analyze the results of studies that investigated loss aversion regarding personality traits and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and suicidal tendencies. METHOD: A systematic review was done through PUBMED and Scopus databases. Descriptors were defined according to each database specificities. RESULTS: At first, 103 articles were encountered. After evaluation of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, there were a total of 14 remaining articles that were group together into six categories related to loss aversion, depression, anxiety, suicidal tendencies, and personality. CONCLUSIONS: The present study contributes to the literature mapping in the Behavioural Economics field. However, discrepancies were found among the studies, which made it difficult to acquire more conclusive findings.

Suicídio e povos indígenas brasileiros: revisão sistemática / Suicide and indigenous populations in Brazil: systematic review / El suicidio y los pueblos indígenas brasileños: revisión sistemática

RESUMO Objetivo. Descrever a frequência, as características e os fatores que contribuem para o suicídio em povos indígenas brasileiros. Método. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura a partir das bases de dados PubMed, SciELO, PsycINFO e LILACS. Foram incluídos estudos de base populacional que enfocassem suicídio em populações indígenas no território brasileiro. Resultados. A busca identificou 111 artigos, dos quais nove preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Três estudos foram realizados na região Centro-Oeste, quatro na região Norte do Brasil e dois abordaram todas as regiões do Brasil. Três estudos citaram as etnias estudadas, totalizando sete etnias (Terena, Kadiweu, Guato, Ofaie-Xavante, Guarani, Guarani-Kaiowá e Guarani-Nandeva). Os estudos demonstraram maior taxa de mortalidade por suicídio em pessoas do sexo masculino, solteiros, com 4 a 11 anos de escolaridade, na faixa etária de 15 a 24 anos, no domicílio e nos finais de semana, tendo como principal método o enforcamento. Os principais fatores de risco para o suicídio foram pobreza, fatores históricos e culturais, baixos indicadores de bem estar, desintegração das famílias, vulnerabilidade social e falta de sentido de vida e futuro. Conclusões. Todos os estudos indicaram a necessidade de desenvolvimento de estratégias em conjunto com as comunidades, considerando sua cosmovisão e os aspectos sócio-histórico-culturais de cada etnia, para minimização dos fatores de risco e redução da taxa de suicídio.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective. To describe the frequency, characteristics, and factors contributing to suicide in indigenous populations in Brazil. Method. A systematic review of the literature was performed in PubMed, SciELO, PsycINFO, and LILACS. All population-based studies focusing on suicide among indigenous populations in Brazil were included. Results. The search identified 111 articles, of which nine met the inclusion criteria. Three of these studies were performed in the Midwest and four in the North of Brazil, while two covered all Brazilian regions. The ethnic groups investigated were specified in three studies (Terena, Kadiweu, Guato, Ofaie-Xavante, Guarani, Guarani-Kaiowá, and Guarani-Nandeva). Suicide rates were highest among males, single individuals, those with 4 to 11 years of schooling, and those aged 15 to 24 years. Suicides occurred most often in the home and on weekends, mostly by hanging. The main risk factors for suicide identified in the articles were poverty, historical and cultural factors, poor wellbeing indicators, family disintegration, social vulnerability, and lack of life or future perspective. Conclusions. All the studies indicated the need to engage communities in developing strategies, considering their cosmovision and the social, historic, and cultural view of each ethnic group to minimize risk factors and reduce suicide rates.(AU)

RESUMEN Objetivo. Describir la frecuencia y las características del suicidio y sus factores contribuyentes en los pueblos indígenas brasileños. Método. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la bibliografía a partir de las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO, PsycINFO y LILACS. Se incluyeron estudios de base poblacional enfocados en el suicidio en las poblaciones indígenas en el territorio brasileño. Resultados. En la búsqueda se encontraron 111 artículos, de los cuales nueve se ciñeron a los criterios de inclusión. Se realizaron tres estudios en la región centro oeste y cuatro en la región norte, además de otros dos que abarcaron todas las regiones de Brasil. En tres estudios se citaron todas las siete etnias estudiadas (Terena, Kadiweu, Guato, Ofaie-Xavante, Guaraní, Guaraní-Kaiowá y E-Nandeva). En los estudios se demostró una mayor tasa de mortalidad por suicidio en personas solteras del sexo masculino, con 4 a 11 años de escolaridad, en el grupo de 15 a 24 años de edad, en el domicilio y en los fines de semana, principalmente por el método de ahorcamiento. Los principales factores de riesgo de suicidio fueron la pobreza, factores históricos y culturales, el índice de bienestar bajo, la desintegración de las familias, la vulnerabilidad social, y la falta de sentido de la vida y del futuro. Conclusiones. Todos los estudios indicaron la necesidad de formular estrategias junto con las comunidades, dentro del marco de su cosmovisión y de los aspectos sociales, históricos y culturales de cada etnia, con el fin de reducir al mínimo los factores de riesgo y la tasa de mortalidad por suicidio.(AU)

Desempenho escolar e participação nas atividades de um programa de tempo integral / School performance and participation in activities of a full-time program program

Este artigo relata os resultados de um estudo cujo objetivo foi identificar diferenças entre participantes e não participantes das atividades extracurriculares de um programa de tempo integral, vinculado a uma escola pública de Belo Horizonte (MG), no desempenho escolar. Participaram da pesquisa 99 estudantes, matriculados no 4º e 5º anos de escolarização, sendo 43 do sexo masculino e 56 do sexo feminino, com idade média de 9,99 anos (DP=0,61). Os resultados indicaram evidências da melhora no desempenho escolar dos participantes das atividades vinculadas aos programas públicos, sendo que o oferecimento de ações acadêmicas tem potencial para gerar impactos positivos. Além disso, esses tipos de ações garantem o direito à proteção social, bem como o acesso a atividades artísticas e recreativas dos seus participantes. Conclui-se que os estudantes de estratos sociais menos favorecidos podem melhorar o desempenho escolar ao participar de atividades extracurriculares estruturadas, complementando os processos proximais desenvolvidos na família que impulsionam a aprendizagem acadêmica.

This article reports the results of a study whose objective was to identify differences between participants and nonparticipants in the extracurricular activities of a full-time program, linked to a public school in Belo Horizonte (MG), in school performance. Ninety-nine students enrolled in the 4th and 5th years of schooling participated in the study, 43 males and 56 females, with a mean age of 9.99 years (SD=0.61). The results indicated evidence of improvement in the school performance of participants in activities related to public programs, and the offer of academic actions has the potential to offer positive impacts. In addition, these types of actions guarantee the right to social protection, as well as access to the artistic and recreational activities of its participants. It is concluded that students from disadvantaged social strata can improve school performance by participating in structured extracurricular activities, complementing the proximal processes developed in the family that drive academic learning.

Cultural adaptation of the health behaviour protocol in school-aged children for the brazilian reality / Adaptação cultural do protocolo health behaviour in school-aged children para a realidade brasileira / Adaptación cultural del health behaviour protocol in school-aged children para la realidad brasileña

Adolescence is a period of intense transformations, and these may be inherent or present risks to development. Adolescent health directly influences on individual and society future trajectories, assuring the need for research about this life span stage. The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children task force, together with World Health Organization (HBSC-WHO), has been conducting health surveys for more than 30 years with its protocol, with approximately 40 countries in North America and Europe. This work aimed to present the translation and cultural adaptation process of the HBSC instrument for the Brazilian reality. This is the first study to carry out the adaptation of this instrument in Brazil. The process used the translation of judges, a committee, evaluation in the target public, and pilot study. It was concluded by the satisfactory adaptation of the instrument to the Brazilian reality, being configured as Questionnaire HBSC Brazil.

A adolescência é uma fase de intensas transformações, podendo ser propícia ou apresentar riscos ao desenvolvimento. A saúde adolescente influencia diretamente em trajetórias futuras individuais e da sociedade como um todo, confirmando a necessidade de investigações acerca desse período do ciclo vital. A força-tarefa Health Behaviour in School-aged Children, com a World Health Organization (HBSC-WHO), vem realizando levantamentos da saúde há mais de 30 anos com um protocolo próprio, contando com aproximadamente 40 países da América do Norte e Europa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar o processo de tradução e adaptação cultural do instrumento HBSC para a realidade brasileira. Este é o primeiro estudo a realizar a adaptação desse instrumento no Brasil. O processo utilizou a tradução de juízes, um comitê da área, a avaliação em público-alvo e o estudo-piloto. Concluiu-se pela adaptação satisfatória do instrumento para a realidade brasileira, configurando-se Questionário HBSC Brasil.

La adolescencia es una fase de intensas transformaciones, pudiendo ser positiva o presentar riesgos al desarrollo. La salud adolescente influye directamente en trayectorias futuras individuales y de la sociedad, confirmando la necesidad de investigaciones acerca de este período del ciclo vital. La fuerza de trabajo Health Behaviour in School-aged Children, con la World Health Organization (HBSC-WHO), ha realizado levantamientos de salud hace más de 30 años con un protocolo propio, contando con aproximadamente 40 países de América del Norte y Europa. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar el proceso de traducción y adaptación cultural del instrumento HBSC para la realidad brasileña. Este es el primer estudio a realizar la adaptación de este instrumento en Brasil. El proceso utilizó la traducción de jueces, un comité del área, evaluación en público objetivo y estudio piloto. Se concluyó por la adaptación satisfactoria del instrumento a la realidad brasileña, configurándose Cuestionario HBSC Brasil.

Construção de um Instrumento para Avaliar o Uso de Bebidas Alcóolicas em uma Etnia Indígena de Minas Gerais / Construction of an Instrument to Evaluate the Use of Alcoholic Beverages in an Indigenous Ethnic Group of Minas Gerais / Construcción de un Instrumento para Evaluar el Uso de Bebidas Alcohólicas en una Etnia Indígena de Minas Gerai

O uso abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas é um grave problema de saúde pública em indígenas brasileiros. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma entrevista de avaliação que entendesse a frequência do uso e os prejuízos do álcool nessas comunidades, e utilizá-la em uma avaliação inicial. Tal entrevista de avaliação foi desenvolvido a partir de uma revisão sistemática de instrumentos já utilizados nacional e internacionalmente. No estudo piloto, seis lideranças indígenas foram avaliadas por entrevistas individuais, que foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo e categorização das respostas. Dos indígenas avaliados, todos relataram ter consumido bebida alcoólica, três apresentaram comportamentos de beber muito e dois reconheceram a necessidade de buscar tratamento para seu consumo de bebida. Os resultados encontrados demonstram ser possível avançar na avaliação do uso de álcool em indígenas no Brasil. O aperfeiçoamento da avaliação desenvolvida possibilitará a elaboração de projetos de intervenção adequados para o enfrentamento do abuso de álcool nas comunidades indígenas. A Psicologia, de forma técnica e ética, deve estar presente nessa problemática, cara às necessidades biopsicossociais dessas populações....(AU)

The alcohol abuse represents a serious public health problem in Brazilian indigenous groups. The aim of this research is to develop an interview to evaluate alcohol use, seeking to understand its frequency and damages in indigenous communities, making an initial evaluation. This evaluation interview was developed from a systematic review of instruments already used nationally and internationally. In the pilot study, six indigenous leaders were evaluated by individual interviews, which were subjected to content analysis and categorization of answers. It was found that all evaluated indigenous leaders reported having consumed alcohol and three of them presented heavy drinkers behavior. The results indicates the possibility to advance in the evaluation of alcohol use in indigenous populations in Brazil. The improvement of the evaluation created will enable the development of appropriate projects to reduce the losses of alcohol abuse in indigenous communities. Psychology, in a technical and ethical way, must be present in this problematic, important to the biopsychosocial needs of these populations....AU)

El uso abusivo de bebidas alcohólicas es un grave problema de salud pública en indígenas brasileños. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar una entrevista de evaluación que entendiera la frecuencia del uso y los perjuicios del alcohol en esas comunidades, y utilizarla en una evaluación inicial. Esta entrevista de evaluación fue desarrollada a partir de una revisión sistemática de instrumentos ya utilizados nacional e internacionalmente. En el estudio piloto, seis líderes indígenas fueron evaluados por entrevistas individuales, que fueron sometidas al análisis de contenido y categorización de las respuestas. De los indígenas evaluados, todos relataron haber consumido bebida alcohólica, tres presentaron comportamientos de beber mucho y dos reconocieron la necesidad de buscar tratamiento para su consumo de bebida. Los resultados encontrados demuestran que es posible avanzar en la evaluación del uso de alcohol en indígenas en Brasil. El perfeccionamiento de la evaluación desarrollada posibilitará la elaboración de proyectos de intervención adecuados para el enfrentamiento del abuso de alcohol en las comunidades indígenas. La psicología, de forma técnica y ética, debe esta....(AU)

Instruments for the Evaluation of Alcohol Use in Indigenous Communities - A Systematic Review / Instrumentos para a Avaliação do Uso de Álcool em Comunidades Indígenas - Revisão Sistemática / Instrumentos para la Evaluación del Uso del Alcohol en las Comunidades Indígenas - Revisión Sistemática

Abstract The measurement of alcohol consumption in indigenous populations has been important in order to understand their reasons and thoughts on alcohol use as well as the resulting losses. This study aimed to verify which data collection instruments are nationally and internationally used in the evaluation of alcohol use in indigenous populations, and it was conducted through a systematic review of studies that evaluated alcoholism in the indigenous populations. We searched the databases Medline (Pubmed), Cochrane library, PsycINFO, Lilacs, including gray literature and manual search. A total of 716 selected publications were identified, and after a stepwise evaluation, the final analysis included 30 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Twenty different instruments were used in the studies to evaluate alcohol use in indigenous people, such as questionnaires created from the specificities of the groups and instruments common used in non-indigenous groups, World Health Organization recommends some of them. By allowing greater knowledge about the instruments validated to understand the consumption of alcoholic beverage in these populations, this study contributes to the research about the processes of indigenous alcoholization, allowing a progress in the development of interventions. It also provides an important discussion in the area of psychological assessment and the use of instruments in different cultural contexts.

Resumo A mensuração do consumo de álcool nas populações indígenas tem sido importante para entender suas razões e pensamentos sobre o uso de álcool, bem como as perdas resultantes. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar instrumentos de coleta de dados utilizados na avaliação do consumo de álcool em populações indígenas nacional e internacionalmente. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de estudos que avaliaram o uso de álcool em populações indígenas, nas bases de dados Medline (Pubmed), biblioteca Cochrane, PsycINFO, Lilacs, incluindo literatura cinza e busca manual. Foram identificadas 716 publicações selecionadas e, após uma avaliação escalonada, a análise final incluiu 30 estudos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Vinte instrumentos diferentes foram utilizados nos estudos para avaliar o consumo de álcool em povos indígenas, como questionários criados a partir das especificidades desses grupos e instrumentos comumente utilizados em populações não indígenas, sendo alguns preconizados pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. Ao permitir um maior conhecimento sobre os instrumentos validados para entender o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas nessas populações, este estudo contribui para a pesquisa sobre os processos de alcoolização indígena, permitindo progresso no desenvolvimento de intervenções. Fornece, ademais, uma importante discussão na área de avaliação psicológica e uso de instrumentos em diferentes contextos culturais.

Resumen La medición del consumo de alcohol en las poblaciones indígenas ha sido importante para comprender sus razones y pensamientos sobre el consumo de alcohol, así como las pérdidas resultantes. Este estudio tuvo objetivo verificar qué instrumentos de recopilación de datos se utilizan a nível nacional e internacional en la evaluación del consumo de alcohol en las poblaciones indígenas, y se realizó a través de una revisión sistemática de estudios que evaluaron el alcoholismo en las poblaciones indígenas. Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos Medline (Pubmed), Cochrane, PsycINFO, Lilacs, incluyendo literatura gris y búsqueda manual. Se identificaron un total de 716 publicaciones seleccionadas, y después de una evaluación escalonada, el análisis final incluyó 30 estudios que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se utilizaron 20 instrumentos diferentes en los estudios para evaluar el consumo de alcohol en los pueblos indígenas. Al permitir un mayor conocimiento sobre los instrumentos validados para entender el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas en estas poblaciones, el presente estudio contribuye a la investigación sobre los procesos de alcoholismo indígena, permitiendo un avance en el desarrollo de intervenciones. Además, proporciona una discusión importante en el área de la evaluación psicológica y el uso de instrumentos en diferentes contextos culturales.

Adaptação e propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Atitudes Disfuncionais para Crianças e Adolescentes / Adaptation and psychometric properties of the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale for Children and Adolescents

Esta pesquisa é constituída por três estudos que investigaram as propriedades psicométricas da adaptação para o português da Escala de Atitudes Disfuncionais para Crianças, instrumento de autorrelato que avalia componentes da vulnerabilidade cognitiva para a depressão em jovens. Crianças e Adolescentes (n = 596; 9 a 16 anos) completaram a escala e outros instrumentos de avaliação de cognições e sintomas depressivos. Foram encontrados bons índices de consistência interna para o instrumento, e correlações moderadas a fracas entre a escala no teste-reteste (n = 225; intervalo médio de 8,3 meses) e os demais instrumentos. Análises fatoriais exploratórias (n = 218) e confirmatórias (n = 378) evidenciaram a estrutura trifatorial. Os resultados apontam a Escala de Atitudes Disfuncionais para Crianças como uma medida adequada de atitudes disfuncionais em jovens.

Three studies investigated the psychometric properties of the adaptation to Portuguese of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale for Children, a self-report instrument that assesses components of cognitive vulnerability to depression in young people. Children and adolescents (n = 596; 9 to 16 years) completed the scale and other cognitions assessment tools and depressive symptoms. There were found good internal consistency indices for the instrument, and moderate to week correlations between the Disfunctional Attitude Scale of Children in the test-retest reliability (n = 225; mean interval of 8.3 months) and with the other instruments. Exploratory (n = 218) and confirmatory (n = 378) factor analysis showed a three factor structure. The results indicate that Dysfunctional Attitude Scale for Children is a suitable measurement of dysfunctional attitudes in young people.

Cognitive Vulnerability and Stress for Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Children and Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study.

The present study investigated Beck's cognitive diathesis-stress theory (1967, 1987) for the prediction of emotional and behavioral problems in childhood. The study included 218 participants aged 10 to 16 years (M = 12.38, SD = 1.16) who underwent two evaluations with an interval of 8.4 months between them. In the first evaluation, sample was divided according to the participants' cognitive vulnerability (vulnerable, moderate, resilient) and in the second, by their experience of stressful events in recent months (low risk, moderate risk, high risk). The groups were compared by variation in the intensity of the symptoms over time. Results showed that high-risk cognitively vulnerable children had increased externalizing symptoms and children with moderate and high cognitive vulnerability had increased internalizing symptoms at Time 2. These results suggest the importance of considering dysfunctional cognitions and the existence of a certain level of stressful events for the development of psychopathology in childhood.

Adaptação do Inventário do Clima Familiar para Crianças (ICF-C) / Adapting the Family Climate Inventory for Children / Adaptación del Inventario de Clima familiar para Niños (ICF-C)

O artigo apresenta o processo de adaptação do Inventário do Clima Familiar para Crianças (ICF-C). A escala foi aplicada em uma amostra de 183 crianças com idades entre 8 e 12 anos e foram investigadas as diferenças relativas à escola, ao ano escolar e ao sexo. O ICF-C apresentou índices psicométricos adequados com índice Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin igual a 0,77 e teste de esfericidade de Bartlett significativo (χ2=741,70; gl=210, p<0,001). Foi identificada diferença (p<0,05) no clima negativo entre os participantes divididos por escolas. O instrumento mostra-se como uma ferramenta útil na investigação do clima familiar a partir das crianças e pode ser usado em intervenções e pesquisas com o público infantil. (AU)

The article presents the adaptation process of the Family Climate Inventory for Children (FCI-C). The scale was applied in a sample of 183 children from 8 to 12 years of age, and differences related to the school type, grade level and sex were investigated. The FCI-C presented adequate psychometric indexes with Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin equal to 0.77 and significant Bartlett's sphericity test (χ2 =741.70; gl=210, p<0.001). There was a difference (p<0.05) in the negative climate among the participants divided by schools. The instrument is useful in researching the family climate from children and can be used in interventions and research with children. (AU)

El artículo presenta el proceso de adaptación del inventario de clima familiar para niños (ICF-C). La escala se aplicó en una muestra de 183 niños con edades comprendidas entre 8 y 12 años, y se investigaron las diferencias relativas a escuela, año escolar y sexo. El ICF-C presentó índices psicométricos adecuados con el índice de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin igual a 0,77 y el test de esfericidad de Bartlett significativo (χ2=741,70; gl=210, p<0,001). Se identificó diferencia (p<0,05) en el clima negativo entre los participantes divididos por escuelas. El instrumento se presenta como una herramienta útil en la investigación de clima familiar a partir de los niños y puede ser utilizado en intervenciones e investigaciones con ese tipo de público. (AU)