ABSTRACT
Major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia (SZ) are associated with cognitive dysfunction both in adulthood and in later life. In this study, we directly compared neurocognitive function between these three conditions in later life, employing stringent definitions of euthymia and symptomatic remission. Cognitive function in 60 elderly outpatients with MDD, BD, or SZ (20 patients per group) was assessed using the Japanese version of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia. Patients with MDD had significantly higher z scores than both the other groups with large or moderately large effect sizes, for verbal fluency, attention and speed of information processing, and composite scores. In contrast, there were no significant differences in the degree of neurocognitive impairment between patients with BD and SZ. In later life, patients with BD and SZ showed a similar degree of neurocognitive impairment, while patients with MDD showed smaller impairments in several neurocognitive domains compared to patients with either of the other two disorders.
Subject(s)
Bipolar Disorder/psychology , Cognition Disorders/psychology , Depressive Disorder, Major/psychology , Mental Status and Dementia Tests , Schizophrenic Psychology , Age Factors , Aged , Bipolar Disorder/diagnosis , Bipolar Disorder/epidemiology , Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale/standards , Cognition/physiology , Cognition Disorders/diagnosis , Cognition Disorders/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Japan/epidemiology , Male , Mental Status and Dementia Tests/standards , Middle Aged , Neuropsychological Tests/standards , Schizophrenia/diagnosis , Schizophrenia/epidemiologyABSTRACT
AIM: This study investigated whether or not and how much milnacipran influences the indexes of I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (I-MIBG) scintigraphy, early heart-to-mediastinum (H/M) ratio, delayed H/M ratio, and wash-out rate. METHODS: Six elderly depressed patients participated in the study. All six patients met the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive disorder. They were taking milnacipran for their depression. They needed differential diagnosis for Lewy body diseases due to their symptomatology. I-MIBG scintigraphy was performed twice for each subject, once under prescription of milnacipran and the other without prescription of milnacipran. RESULTS: Both early and delayed phase H/M ratio were significantly lower when taking milnacipran (early phase H/M ratio, P < 0.01, Cohen's d 1.62; delayed phase H/M ratio, P < 0.005, Cohen's d 1.98) than when not taking the drug. Wash-out rate (%) was significantly higher when taking milnacipran (P < 0.05, Cohen's d 2.31) than when off the drug. CONCLUSION: Taking milnacipran substantially influences the indexes of I-MIBG scintigraphy, indicating that taking the drug possibly causes a false-positive result for Lewy body diseases diagnosis.
Subject(s)
Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology , Brain/drug effects , Cyclopropanes/pharmacology , Depressive Disorder, Major/drug therapy , Lewy Body Disease/diagnostic imaging , 3-Iodobenzylguanidine , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use , Brain/diagnostic imaging , Cyclopropanes/therapeutic use , Depressive Disorder, Major/complications , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Humans , Lewy Body Disease/complications , Male , Milnacipran , Radionuclide Imaging , RadiopharmaceuticalsABSTRACT
To investigate whether prefrontal function during a cognitive task reflects the social functioning of male Japanese workers, prefrontal function during a working memory task in 181 male workers was measured by multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Social functioning was assessed using the Social Adaptation Self-Evaluation Scale (SASS). The results indicated that cortical oxygenation level increases in dorsolateral prefrontal region showed significant positive correlations with the interest and motivation factor scores on the SASS. These results suggest that dorsolateral prefrontal function is associated with the interest and motivation factor in social functioning in male workers and that NIRS could be an addition to the medical tools for monitoring these characteristics on mental health examination.
