ABSTRACT
Aromatic and heteroaromatic amines (ArNH2) are activated by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, primarily CYP1A2, into reactive N-arylhydroxylamines that can lead to covalent adducts with DNA nucleobases. Hereby, we give hands-on mechanism-based guidelines to design mutagenicity-free ArNH2. The mechanism of N-hydroxylation of ArNH2 by CYP1A2 is investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Two putative pathways are considered, the radicaloid route that goes via the classical ferryl-oxo oxidant and an alternative anionic pathway through Fenton-like oxidation by ferriheme-bound H2O2. Results suggest that bioactivation of ArNH2 follows the anionic pathway. We demonstrate that H-bonding and/or geometric fit of ArNH2 to CYP1A2 as well as feasibility of both proton abstraction by the ferriheme-peroxo base and heterolytic cleavage of arylhydroxylamines render molecules mutagenic. Mutagenicity of ArNH2 can be removed by structural alterations that disrupt geometric and/or electrostatic fit to CYP1A2, decrease the acidity of the NH2 group, destabilize arylnitrenium ions, or disrupt their pre-covalent transition states with guanine.
Subject(s)
Amines/metabolism , Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2/metabolism , Heterocyclic Compounds/metabolism , Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/metabolism , Mutagens/metabolism , Amines/chemistry , Catalytic Domain , Crystallography, X-Ray , Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2/chemistry , Density Functional Theory , Discriminant Analysis , Heterocyclic Compounds/chemistry , Humans , Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/chemistry , Hydroxylation , Least-Squares Analysis , Models, Chemical , Molecular Structure , Mutagens/chemistry , Protein BindingABSTRACT
In this article, we report our efforts towards improving in vitro human clearance in a series of 5-azaquinazolines through a series of C4 truncations and C2 expansions. Extensive DMPK studies enabled us to tackle high Aldehyde Oxidase (AO) metabolism and unexpected discrepancies in human hepatocyte and liver microsomal intrinsic clearance. Our efforts culminated with the discovery of 5-azaquinazoline 35, which also displayed exquisite selectivity for IRAK4, and showed synergistic in vitro activity against MyD88/CD79 double mutant ABC-DLBCL in combination with the covalent BTK inhibitor acalabrutinib.
Subject(s)
Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/metabolism , Quinazolines/chemistry , Aldehyde Oxidase/metabolism , Animals , Binding Sites , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival/drug effects , Crystallography, X-Ray , Dogs , Drug Stability , Half-Life , Hepatocytes/metabolism , Humans , Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases/metabolism , Mice , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Molecular Dynamics Simulation , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Quinazolines/metabolism , Quinazolines/pharmacology , Rats , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Efficient functionalization of C-H bonds can be achieved using transition metal catalysts, such as Pd(OAc)2. To better control the regioselectivity in these reactions, some functional groups on the substrate may be used as directing groups, guiding the reactivity to an ortho position. Herein, we describe a methodology to score the relative strength of such directing groups in palladium-catalyzed aromatic C-H activation. The results have been collected into a scale that serves to predict the regioselectivity on molecules with multiple competing directing groups. We demonstrate that this scale yields accurate predictions on over a hundred examples, taken from the literature. In addition to the regioselectivity prediction on complex molecules, the knowledge of the relative strengths of directing groups can also be used to work with new combinations of functionalities, exploring uncharted chemical space.
ABSTRACT
PI3Kδ is a lipid kinase that is believed to be important in the migration and activation of cells of the immune system. Inhibition is hypothesized to provide a powerful yet selective immunomodulatory effect that may be beneficial for the treatment of conditions such as asthma or rheumatoid arthritis. In this work, we describe the identification of inhibitors based on a thiazolopyridone core structure and their subsequent optimization for inhalation. The initially identified compound (13) had good potency and isoform selectivity but was not suitable for inhalation. Addition of basic substituents to a region of the molecule pointing to solvent was tolerated (enzyme inhibition pIC50 > 9), and by careful manipulation of the pKa and lipophilicity, we were able to discover compounds (20b, 20f) with good lung retention and cell potency that could be taken forward to in vivo studies where significant target engagement could be demonstrated.
Subject(s)
Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors , Structure-Activity Relationship , Administration, Inhalation , Animals , Biological Availability , Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic , Drug Design , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods , Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Half-Life , Isoenzymes/antagonists & inhibitors , Mice, Transgenic , Permeability , Rats , Solubility , Thiazoles/chemistryABSTRACT
A novel class of potent PI3Kδ inhibitors with >1000-fold selectivity against other class I PI3K isoforms is described. Optimization of the substituents on a triazole aminopyrazine scaffold, emerging from an in-house PI3Kα program, turned moderately selective PI3Kδ compounds into highly potent and selective PI3Kδ inhibitors. These efforts resulted in a series of aminopyrazines with PI3Kδ IC50⩽1nM in the enzyme assay, some of the most selective PI3Kδ inhibitors published to date, with a cell potency in a JeKo-cell assay of 20-120nM.
