ABSTRACT
The double burden of malnutrition is the coexistence of two different conditions, mainly reflected as excess or deficit in weight. Anemia is a specific nutritional deficit not always included in the double burden assessment. We reviewed overweight and/or obesity (OW/OB) and anemia studies from Latin-American Children over the last ten years up to 2019. Two authors evaluated the MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and LILACS databases. A scale of ten questions was used to assess the risk of bias in prevalence studies. Fourteen studies were selected. The population studies' size ranged from 147 to 20,342 children with different socio-economic backgrounds, such as urban, peri-urban and rural settings, socio-economic status, schooling, population (ethnic minorities and indigenous), and environmental differences (sea level or high altitude). The prevalence of OW/OB ranged from 4.9% to 42%. The prevalence of anemia was from 3.4% to 67%. The double burden, including OW/OB and anemia, ranged from 0.7% to 67%. A higher prevalence of excess weight and anemia was found in rural and high altitude above sea level environments, extreme poverty, low education level, and indigenous communities. These heterogeneous data, before the 2020 (COVID-19 pandemic), reflect the vast inequities between countries and within each country. Food insecurity linked to poverty and the induced change in eating habits and lifestyles threaten optimal child nutrition in ongoing and future scenarios. The existence of OW/OB and anemia and their simultaneous coexistence in the community, home, and individual levels, indicates that interventions should be comprehensive to face the double burden of malnutrition.
Subject(s)
Anemia/epidemiology , Cost of Illness , Obesity/epidemiology , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Geography , Humans , Infant , Latin America , Prevalence , PublicationsABSTRACT
Ethnic differences in the pattern and trend of growth and weight have been described in studies of migrant populations. Our objective was to compare anthropometric parameters and overweight prevalence in third and fourth generation Japanese descendant preschoolers within the Peruvian preschool population. A total of 337 measurements of height and weight from 284 children, three to five years of age, were taken over three years in one Japanese-Peruvian preschool center in Lima, Peru. The data of each parameter were classified into three ethnic groups according to their parents' surnames: Japanese descendant children (n = 104), with both parents with Japanese surnames; Japanese-Peruvian descendant (n = 93), one parent with a Japanese surname and one with a non-Japanese surname; and Peruvian descendant (n = 140), both parents with non-Japanese surnames. We used the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) 2000 growth charts as reference values to obtain centiles, Z scores, and body mass index (BMI). In boys, the three groups differed significantly in height, weight, BMI, Z scores, and overweight prevalence. Peruvian descendant boys were taller and heavier than Japanese-Peruvian and Japanese descendants. Moreover, Japanese-Peruvian descendant boys were taller and heavier than Japanese descendant boys. In girls, there were no significant differences in height and weight and in overweight prevalence among the three ethnic groups. Japanese descendants in Peru have height, weight and BMI values similar to those of Japanese children in Japan but lesser than Peruvian children. These findings may be related to differences in ethnic background.
Subject(s)
Anthropometry/methods , Body Weight/ethnology , Asian People , Body Mass Index , Child , Child, Preschool , Ethnicity , Female , Growth , Humans , Japan , Male , Overweight/ethnology , Peru , Sex FactorsABSTRACT
El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo reportar los casos de cáncer de tiroides en niños diagnosticados en el Instituto de Salud del Niño (ISN) analizando los criterios clínicos de diagnóstico y tratamiento de los casos estudiados. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de casos diagnosticados de cáncer de tiroides en pacientes admitidos en el ISN durante los años 1981 al 2000, se presentan las características clínicas, los estudios de ayuda diagnóstica, el tratamiento y seguimiento de dichos casos. Se recopiló un total de nueve casos confirmados con estudio anátomo-patológico de carcinoma de tiroides. Los casos fueron en su totalidad del sexo femenino, de 11.14 más menos 1.57 años de edad, el motivo principal de consulta fue una tumoración cervical anterior de 3.4 más menos 1.96 cm. El tiempo de evolución fue de 12 más menos 11.24 meses. Los casos fueron sometidos a biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina (BAAF), estudios gammagráficos y hormonales para definir la patología y posteriormente ser sometidos a cirugía. A todos los pacientes se les realizó tiroidectomía casi total (9/10). Tres pacientes requirieron disección radical modificada. Todos los casos presentaron hipocalcemia y disfonía leves transitorias. Los resultados de anatomía patológica correspondieron a carcinoma papilar (3), carcinoma papilar con foco folicular (3) y carcinoma folicular (3). Durante el seguimiento se les realizó estudios de rastreo con I-131 y los casos positivos fueron sometidos a terapia ablativa con I-131, además, de terapia supresiva con hormonas tiroideas. Dos casos presentaron metástasis pulmonar desde los 5 meses post-quirúrgico y 3 compromiso ganglionar en la anatomía-patológica. Se discuten los resultados y se proponen pautas de manejo considerando la experiencia encontrada y la literatura internacional acerca del diagnóstico y tratamiento del cáncer diferenciado de tiroides en niños. Se resalta la importancia de la palpación de cuello como examen clínico de rutina y la realización de la tiroidectomía total para un mejor pronóstico y manejo de casos en forma multidisciplinaria.
