Factors associated with acute kidney injury in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation: Short-term outcomes and impact of right heart failure.

OBJECTIVE: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) was developed as an alternative to surgery for symptomatic, high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS). Acute kidney injury, a major complication of TAVI, is associated with a poor prognosis. In our study, we planned to investigate the effect of right heart failure on the development of acute kidney injury after TAVI and other factors contributing to the development of AKI. METHODS: Between January 2015 and December 2020, 198 patients who underwent TAVI due to severe symptomatic aortic stenosis at Dr. Siyami Ersek Cardiovascular Surgery Hospital were screened. Local ethics committee approval was obtained (HNEAH-KAEK 2021/134-3343). Transthoracic echocardiographic findings and laboratory evaluations were recorded. Patients were evaluated according to Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria. RESULTS: The rate of AKI after TAVI was found to be 41.9%. The mean age of patients who developed AKI was higher (80.90±6.8). AKI development rates were higher in the female gender (68.7%) and patients with hypertension (44.8%). It was observed that the risk of developing AKI was higher in patients who underwent TAVI and developed AKI afterwards, especially in patients with stage-3 and stage-4 advanced CKD before TAVI (p<0.01) We did not find an independent relationship between AKI and right-heart failure in our analysis. CONCLUSION: We observed that chronic kidney disease before TAVI, advanced age, and female gender are important determinants of the development of AKI after TAVI. Although a relationship between TAVI and right heart failure has not been demonstrated, large-scale studies are needed in the future.

The association between QT interval changes and the treatment protocols of COVID-19 patients.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the QT, QTc, and QTc dispersion changes that may occur with the use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), favipiravir, and moxifloxacin in combination or alone in COVID 19 patients. METHODS: This study was retrospectively conducted on 193 inpatients diagnosed with COVID-19. We divided the patients into four separate groups due to their medications as, group-1: favipiravir, group-2: favipiravir + HCQ, group-3: favipiravir + moxifloxacin, and group-4: favipiravir + moxifloxacin + HCQ. We recorded their pre and post-treatment QT parameters of each group and evaluated the changes of these parameters with the SPSS statistical program. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 63.1±17.7. In group 1 and 2, although there were slight changes in QT parameters, these results were not statistically significant. In group 3, significant increases in QT and QTc dispersion occurred (p=0.005 and p=0.018). In the 4th group where the triple therapy was applied, there was a significant increase only in the QTc values (p=0.027). When we compared the changes of QT parameters for each group, a significant difference was found in ΔQTc dispersion, and post hoc analysis showed that it was due to changes in the third group (p=0.047). CONCLUSION: We thought that, if there is a COVID-19 infection with an additional bacterial infection, and if there is a need of using moxifloxacin alone or together with HCQ, additional risk factors that may cause QT interval prolongation should be reviewed and ECG monitoring of the patients should be performed during the treatment period.

The Mean Corrected TIMI Frame Count Could Predict Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Coronary Slow-Flow Phenomenon.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the mean corrected thrombolysis in myocardial frame count and major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with the coronary slow-flow phenomenon. METHODS: A total of 98 patients with coronary slow-flow phenomenon who met inclusion cri- teria from 2015 to 2020 were retrospectively included in the analysis. The patients were ranked according to their mean corrected thrombolysis in myocardial frame count values and were divided into quartiles based on those. Group 1 consisted of patients who had a mean corrected thrombolysis in myocardial frame count value >36.68 (third quartile), while group 2 consisted of patients who had a mean corrected thrombolysis in myocardial frame count value ≤36.68 (first quartile+second quartile). Mortality and non-fatal cardiovascular complications were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Mean follow-up duration was 3.93 ± 1.50 years. Recurrent chest pain and major adverse cardiovascular events increased in group 1 compared to group 2 (P ≤ .001, P ≤ .001, respectively). Hypertension (odds ratio 2.627, P=.033), hyperlipidemia (odds ratio 2.469, P = .028) and mean corrected thrombolysis in myocardial frame count (odds ratio 1.106, P = .002) were independent predictors of recurrent chest pain according to Cox regression analysis. Although older age (odds ratio 1.125, P=.011), hypertension (odds ratio 6.081, P=.026), hyperlipidemia (odds ratio 12.308, P = 0.019), and mean corrected thrombolysis in myocardial frame count (odds ratio 1.476, P = .001) were found to be significantly related with major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with coronary slow-flow phenomenon, only mean corrected thrombolysis in myocardial frame count (odds ratio 1.161, P = .021) was an indepen- dent predictor of major adverse cardiovascular events in Cox regression analysis. CONCLUSION: Higher mean corrected thrombolysis in myocardial frame count could predict major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with the coronary slow-flow phenomenon.

Monocyte to high-density lipoprotein ratio at hospital admission predicts intrahospital mortality in patients with Stanford type-A dissection.

BACKGROUND: Immune inflammatory mechanisms have crucial roles not only in the presence but also in the progression of aortic dissection (AD). Monocyte count to high-density lipoprotein ratio (MHR) has recently emerged as an indicator of inflammation and oxidative stress. Thus, we aimed to examine the prognostic value of MHR in patients with AD. METHODS: A total of 204 consecutive patients with Stanford type-A dissection who managed surgically were retrospectively enrolled in the present study. Recruited patients were divided into two groups according to the occurrence of intrahospital death; Group 1 consisted of 165 patients who were discharged alive, and Group 2 consisted of 39 patients who died during index hospitalization. Two groups were compared with respect to baseline clinical data and admission laboratory parameters including MHR. RESULTS: The mean age of the Group 1 was 55.2 ± 12.3 years, while the mean age of the Group 2 was 60.6 ± 10.8 years (p = .012). The patients who were discharged alive (Group 1) had significantly lower MHR than the deceased patients (Group 2) (0.02099 ± 0.00140 vs. 0.02848 ± 0.01513, p = .004). At receiver operating characteristics curve analysis, MHR = 0.020699 had 67% sensitivity and 59% specificity in predicting intrahospital mortality among patients with AD. In multivariate analysis, MHR was found to be an independent risk factor of intrahospital mortality among those (ß = 1.094, p = .011). CONCLUSION: MHR is an inexpensive and easily calculated biomarker, which is useful to predict intrahospital mortality in patients with Stanford type-A dissection who managed surgically.

Percutaneous closure of an iatrogenic ventricular septal defect associated with transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

An 81-year-old man who had dyspnea was admitted to our hospital with a diagnosis of severe aortic stenosis. A transcatheter aortic valve implantation was successfully performed with a 29 mm Edwards Sapien XT valve using a transfemoral access. After the procedure, the echocardiography showed a restrictive ventricular septal defect (VSD) in the membranous septum. As the patient had no symptoms, it was decided to follow him up conservatively. However, he was readmitted within three weeks with symptoms suggestive of biventricular failure. A control echocardiography revealed a membranous VSD, 8 mm in size, right chambers dilatation with moderate tricuspid regurgitation, and systolic pulmonary artery pressure of 60 mm Hg. The previously deployed aortic valve was normal in function. The decision to perform a percutaneous VSD closure was made. The defect was then closed with a 10 mm muscular VSD occluder. During and after the procedure, there was no dysfunction in the bioprosthetic aortic valve. At the one-year follow-up, the patient was still asymptomatic.

Successful stenting of a brachial artery occlusion following surgical retrieval of a twisted diagnostic catheter during transradial coronary angiography.

Coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention via radial access has been progressively performed over the last three decades and has become standard of care. Even though the radial approach, compared with femoral access, is safe and is also associated with less bleeding in patients with myocardial infarction, it may be problematic in some cases. Here, we describe an 80-year-old woman with brachial artery dissection due to a twisted diagnostic catheter during transradial coronary angiography, who subsequently underwent surgical retrieval of the catheter.

Prognostic value of serum uric acid levels in patients with non-STEMI undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: Because myocardial infarction in young adults is rare, there has been limited research on the condition in this patient group. Very few data are available regarding the long-term outcomes of patients under 40 years of age with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) undergoing invasive treatments. The prognostic value of uric acid (UA) in young patients with NSTEMI who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has also not been studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes of this specific subset of young patients. In addition, we aimed to identify the role of serum UA in predicting the long-term prognosis of young patients with NSTEMI who have undergone PCI. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of 213 young adult patients (≤40 years old) with NSTEMI who underwent PCI during their hospitalization at our tertiary referral center. RESULTS: The mean age of the 213 patients was 36.8 ± 3.3 years (range, 21-40 years). The median follow-up was 930 days. Our patients were predominantly male (88.3%) and the most frequent traditional cardiovascular risk factors were smoking and dyslipidemia. Baseline TIMI flow 0-1, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and UA were found to be independently correlated with long-term major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in multivariate Cox regression analysis. CONCLUSION: In the present study, baseline TIMI flow 0-1, admission eGFR, and UA levels were correlated with MACEs during long-term follow-up in young patients with NSTEMI.

Transfemoral aortic valve implantation in the case of pre-existing mitral prosthesis and pure aortic regurgitation: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is recommended in patients with severe aortic stenosis who have high surgical risk. However, in the pre-existing mechanical mitral valve prosthesis and natural pure aortic regurgitation, TAVR is relatively contraindicated. In this report, we described one case of TAVR with native aortic regurgitation in the presence of mechanical mitral valve prosthesis. CASE SUMMARY: A 64-year-old man with a medical history of mitral valve replacement had severe dyspnea and was symptomatic even at rest for 3 mo. His echocardiography showed severe native pure aortic regurgitation. His euroscore was 15. A TAVR procedure with an evolut R was planned. A 34 mm evolut R was placed by transesophageal echocardiography. The mitral prosthesis was functioning normally, and mild-moderate paravalvular leakage was evident by transesophageal echocardiography. The patient recovered without any complication. At 1 mo follow up, the patient was well, and no paravalvular leakage was noted. CONCLUSION: TAVR for pure aortic regurgitation in the presence of prosthetic mitral valve can be a safe procedure.

Assessment of Atrial Conduction Times in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND: An increased risk of ischemic stroke has been reported in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Atrial fibrillation (AF) is strongly associated with ischemic stroke. Prolonged atrial electromechanical delay (EMD) is an independent predictor for the development of AF. AIMS: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the atrial conduction parameters in patients with PD and to assess their relation with the severity of PD. STUDY DESIGN: We prospectively enrolled 51 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed PD and 31 age- and sex-matched non-PD subjects. METHODS: To assess atrial electromechanical coupling (PA), the time intervals from the onset of p wave on ECG to the late diastolic wave at the septal (PAs) and lateral (PAl) mitral annulus and lateral tricuspid annulus (PAt) were measured on Tissue Doppler Echocardiography (TDE). The difference between PAs-PAl, PAs-PAt, and PAl-PAt were defined as left intra-atrial, right intra-atrial, and interatrial EMD, respectively. P-wave dispersion (PWD) was calculated from the 12-lead ECG. RESULTS: PWD, PAs, PAl, and PAt durations were significantly prolonged in the PD group (all p < 0.001). Interatrial, right, and left intra-atrial EMD were also significantly longer in PD patients (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p=0.002, resp.). There were significant positive correlations between disease severity (UPDRS score) and PWD (r=0.34, p=0.041), left intra-atrial (r=0.39, p=0.005), and interatrial EMD (r=0.35, p=0.012). By multivariate analysis, PWD (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.02-1.25; p=0.017), LA volume index (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.02-1.37; p=0.021), left intra-atrial (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01-1.24; p=0.041), and interatrial EMD (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01-1.16; p=0.026) were found as independent predictors of PD. CONCLUSION: Atrial conduction times were longer and correlated with the severity of disease in PD patients. Prolonged inter- and intra-atrial-EMD intervals were also found as independent correlates of PD. These findings may suggest an increased predisposition to atrial fibrillation in PD.

Relation between dynamic change of red cell distribution width and 30-day mortality in patients with acute pulmonary embolism.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Recent studies suggest that an increase in red cell distribution width (RDW) levels have a better prognostic value than a single measurement. In the current study, we investigated the predictive value of increasing RDW levels for mortality in acute pulmonary emboli (APE) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For the study, 199 APE patients who were hospitalized were enrolled. Patients were divided into three groups according to their admission and 24th hour RDW values. Patients for whom both RDW values normal were put in group 1 (normal); patients with admission RDW > 14.5% and decreased 24th hour RDW values were in group 2 (decreased); patients whose 24th hour RDW levels were >14.5% and increased compared to their baseline RDW measurement were in group 3 (increased). Clinical and laboratory findings and 30-day mortality of these groups were compared. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 68 ± 16, and 48% of the patients were male. There were 98 patients (49%) in group 1, 59 patients (30%) in group 2, and 42 patients (21%) in group 3. Patients in group 3 were older, had lower eGFR and hemoglobin values, and had higher brain type natriuretic peptide values. Mortality rate was higher in group 3 (0%, 3.4%, 19%, respectively, P < .0001). Increase in RDW was independently related to mortality [HR: 4.9, (95%CI: 1.2-18, P = .02)]. CONCLUSION: APE patients with increasing RDW levels have higher mortality rates. Serial measurements of RDW may help us determine patients with high risk for mortality.

The Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS3-786T>C) Genetic Polymorphism in Chronic Heart Failure: Effects of Mutant -786C allele on Long-term Mortality.

BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide plays an important role in the regulation of basal vascular tone and cardiac myocyte function. We investigated the NOS3-786T>C polymorphism in chronic heart failure (CHF) and its effects on long-term mortality. METHODS: Ninety-one patients with CHF who were referred to the Department of Cardiology of Siyami Ersek Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery Center for cardiopulmonary exercise testing between April 2001 and January 2004 and 30 controls were enrolled in this study. Patient were followed prospectively for a period of 1 to 12 years. RESULTS: Patients and controls were divided into three groups: TT, TC and CC, according to their NOS3-786T>C polymorphism. We noted that there was no significant difference in the genotype distribution between patients and controls. There was also no significant difference in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene polymorphism between ischemic HF and nonischemic HF. During the follow-up period, 61 (67%) deaths occurred. The nonsurvivor group had lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (p = 0.01), reduced peak oxygen consumption (p = 0.04) and were of older age (p = 0.001). Age, LVEF, peak oxygen consumption and genotype were found to be predictors of mortality (p < 0.05). Additionally, mortality was significantly increased in -786CC genotype patients compared to TT genotype patients (hazard ratio = 2.2; p = 0.03). By multivariate analysis, age and eNOS genotype were determined to be significant independent predictors of death. Additionally, Kaplan-Meier analysis confirmed that homozygote -786C genotype was associated with an increased risk of death (χ2 = 4.6, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that the NOS3-786T>C polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of mortality in patients with CHF.

Relation of Low T3 to One-Year Mortality in Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients.

BACKGROUND: Low T3 which is defined as decreased triiodothyronine (T3) and normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxin (T4) levels is present in many acute diseases and is related to increased mortality. We studied low T3 level's relation to long-term mortality in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) patients. METHODS: T3, T4, and TSH levels of consecutive NSTE-ACS patients were measured. Patients with normal T4 and TSH levels, but low T3 level were defined as low T3 group. Patients with normal T3, T4, and TSH levels were defined as normal group. Clinical and laboratory findings in these two groups were compared. In addition, we examined low T3 level's relation to early and long-term mortality. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 61 ± 13 (67% male) and 31 (11%) patients had low T3 level. Free T3 values were negatively correlated with age, serum creatinine, and brain type natriuretic peptide values at the time of admission (r = -0.452, P < 0.0001; r = -0.255, P < 0.0001; r = -0.544, P < 0.0001, respectively). Mortality at 1 month and 1 year was higher in low T3 group (3% vs. 16%, P = 0.002; 6.4% vs. 23%, P = 0.003, respectively). In multivariate analysis, low T3 was found to be related to mortality at 1 year (OR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.1-6.5, P = 0.02). In ROC analysis, free T3 had a good area under the curve (AUC) value for mortality at 1 year [AUC: 0.709 (95% CI: 0.619-0.799, SE: 0.0459)]. CONCLUSION: Low T3 is related to increased early and late mortality in NSTE-ACS patients. Free T3 levels may be used to identify NSTE-ACS patients with high mortality risk.

Clinical usefulness of red cell distribution width to angiographic severity and coronary stent thrombosis.

BACKGROUND: Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a quantitative measurement and shows heterogeneity of red blood cell size in peripheral blood. RDW has recently been associated with cardiovascular events and cardiovascular diseases, and it is a novel predictor of mortality. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical usefulness of measuring RDW in patients with coronary stent thrombosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 3,925 consecutive patients who presented with acute coronary syndrome and who underwent coronary angiography at the Siyami Ersek Hospital between May 2011 and December 2013. Of the 3,925 patients, 73 patients (55 males, mean age 59±11 years, 55 with ST elevated myocardial infarction) with stent thrombosis formed group 1. Another 54 consecutive patients who presented with acute coronary syndrome (without coronary stent thrombosis, 22 patients with ST elevated myocardial infarction, 44 males, mean age 54±2 years) and underwent percutaneous coronary intervention in May 2011 formed group 2. Data were collected from all groups for 2 years. The RDW values were calculated from patients 1 month later at follow-up. Syntax scores were calculated for all the patients. The patients were also divided as low syntax score group and moderate-high syntax score group. RESULTS: The patients in group 1 with stent thrombosis had significantly higher RDW level (13.85) than the patients in group 2 without stent thrombosis (12) (P<0.001). In addition, in all study patients, the moderate-high syntax score group had significantly higher RDW level (13.6) than the low syntax score group (12.9) (P=0.009). A positive correlation was determined between RDW and syntax scores (r=0.204). CONCLUSION: RDW is a new marker of poor prognosis in coronary artery disease. Increased RDW level is correlated with angiographic severity of coronary artery disease, and RDW may be an important clinical marker of coronary stent thrombosis in patients undergoing coronary intervention.

The accuracy of combined use of troponin and red cell distribution width in predicting mortality of patients with acute pulmonary embolism.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac troponins and red cell distribution width (RDW) are associated with increased mortality in acute pulmonary embolism (PE). In this study, we aimed to investigate the accuracy of the combined use of troponin and RDW in predicting short-term mortality in acute PE patients. METHODS: The data of 201 patients with the diagnosis of acute PE were retrospectively analyzed. We obtained troponin-RDW scores (TR scores) using a combination of troponin and RDW values, and then evaluated this score's accuracy in predicting mortality in patients with acute PE. RESULTS: The mean participant age was 68 ± 16 years, and 52 % of patients were female. Fifteen (7.4 %) patients died during the first month. Patients classified as high-risk according to TR scores were older (72 ± 15 vs. 66 ± 15 years, p = 0.005), and they had higher heart rates (101 ± 20 vs. 90 ± 15 beat/min, p < 0.001) and respiratory rates (23 ± 4 vs. 21 ± 3 breath/min, p = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, TR (odds ratio [OR] 4.93, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.13-21.38, p = 0.033) and simplified pulmonary embolism severity index (sPESI) scores (OR 3.78, 95 % CI 1.71-8.37, p = 0.002) were independent predictors of 30-day mortality. For 30-day mortality, the TR score had a slightly lower sensitivity (87 % vs. 93 %), but a higher specificity (69 % vs. 52 %) compared to the sPESI score. CONCLUSION: The TR score is easy to calculate, and it may be used to predict early mortality in patients with acute PE.

Relation of contrast nephropathy to adverse events in pulmonary emboli patients diagnosed with contrast CT.

OBJECTIVE: Limited data exist on the incidence of contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) and its impact on in-hospital prognosis of patients diagnosed with acute pulmonary embolism (APE) using contrast computerized tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA). In this study, we examined the frequency of nephropathy after CTPA in APE patients and its link to in-hospital adverse outcomes. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 189 patients (mean age 67+16years, 48% male) with APE who underwent CTPA. CIN was defined as a≥0.5mg/dl and/or ≥25% increase in serum creatinine levels >48hours after CTPA. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of CIN to compare clinical characteristics, risk factors, and in-hospital adverse events. RESULTS: Twenty-four (13%) of the patients were diagnosed with CIN. Patients with CIN were older (73±17 vs. 67±15years, P=.01) and had higher rates of heart failure (17% vs. 6%, P=.04). Preexisting renal dysfunction and advanced age were found to be independent predictors of CIN (OR: 4.2, 95% CI: 1.5-11.9, P=.006; OR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.1-9.8, P=.03 respectively). The in-hospital adverse event rate was significantly higher in patients with CIN (16.7% vs. 2.4%, P=.001). A multivariate analysis revealed CIN as an independent predictor of in-hospital adverse event rate (OR: 6.1, 95%CI: 1.2-29.3, P=.02). CONCLUSION: CIN is associated with a higher in-hospital adverse event rate in APE patients diagnosed using CTPA. This is first large study to focus specifically on CIN in patients diagnosed with APE using CTPA.

Impact of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease on Myocardial Perfusion in Nondiabetic Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

Limited data exist on the role of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (FLD) as a potential independent risk factor in the setting of acute coronary syndromes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of FLD on myocardial perfusion and inhospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in the setting of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We examined 186 consecutive nondiabetic patients (mean age 58 ± 11 years and 76% men) who underwent primary PCI for STEMI by ultrasound within 72 hours of admission. FLD was graded according to a semiquantitative severity score as mild (score <3) or moderate to severe (score ≥3). Myocardial perfusion was determined by measuring myocardial blush grade (MBG) and ST-segment resolution (STR) analysis. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to FLD score (<3 or ≥3). There were no differences with regard to postprocedural Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 3 flow grade between the 2 groups (89% vs 83%, p = 0.201). Patients with FLD score ≥3 were more likely to have absent myocardial perfusion (MBG 0/1, 37% vs 12%, p <0.0001), absent STR (27% vs 9%, p = 0.001), and higher inhospital MACE rate (31% vs 8%, p <0.0001). By multivariate analysis, FLD ≥3 score was found to be an independent predictor of absent MBG 0/1 (odds ratio [OR] 2.856, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.214 to 6.225, p = 0.033), absent STR (OR 2.862, 95% CI 1.242 to 6.342, p = 0.031), and inhospital MACE (OR 2.454, 95% CI 1.072 to 4.872, p = 0.048). In conclusion, we found that despite similar high rates of Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 3 after primary PCI, patients with FLD score ≥3 are more likely to have impaired myocardial perfusion which may contribute to adverse inhospital outcome.

From wide QRS tachycardia to a diagnostic surprise.

A 29-year old male patient presented with a hemodynamically significant ventricular tachycardia. Despite a comprehensive examination, the correct diagnosis was unfortunately established after two years. We discuss why the correct diagnosis was initially overlooked in physical examination, electrocardiogram, echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and which findings led the cardiologists to misdiagnose the patient. We have organized this report in a format that the information is presented to a consultant physician by a resident physician to simulate the way such information emerges in the real life as we have encountered. The consultant physician responds as new information is presented, expressing his reasoning with the reader.