Subject(s)
Clinical Medicine/trends , Molecular Biology/trends , Pharmacogenetics/trends , Pharmacology, Clinical/trends , Diffusion of Innovation , Drug Approval , Drug Design , Drug Therapy/trends , Humans , Interdisciplinary Communication , Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/trends , Patient SelectionABSTRACT
Clonidine, noradrenaline and adrenaline (in the presence of propranolol), but not phenylephrine and methoxamine, stimulated an increase in the oxygen consumption of these slices that was blocked by yohimbine but not by prazosin. The stimulation was inhibited by ouabain and required the presence of Ca2+ in the incubation medium. The calcium ionophore A 23187 stimulated oxygen consumption in the tissue slices and enhanced the respiratory effect of clonidine. Atropine and (D-Pro2, D-Trp7.9)-substance P failed to block the respiratory response to clonidine in concentrations that inhibited the respiratory effects of carbachol and substance P, respectively. Release of acetylcholine from the unstimulated gland slices was reduced by clonidine or Ca2+ omission. Yohimbine prevented the clonidine effect and stimulated acetylcholine resting release. Nifedipine did not affect either the release of acetylcholine or the clonidine-induced reduction of acetylcholine release but blocked the oxygen uptake due to clonidine or to release acetylcholine.
Subject(s)
Oxygen Consumption/drug effects , Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/physiology , Submandibular Gland/metabolism , Acetylcholine/biosynthesis , Animals , Calcimycin/pharmacology , Calcium/metabolism , Clonidine/pharmacology , Epinephrine/pharmacology , Female , Male , Nifedipine/pharmacology , Norepinephrine/pharmacology , Organ Culture Techniques , Ouabain/pharmacology , Propranolol/pharmacology , Rats , Rats, Inbred Strains , Stimulation, Chemical , Submandibular Gland/drug effectsABSTRACT
Physostigmine in a dose of 0.1 mg/kg i.v. expressly stimulated the oxygen uptake in the rat cerebral cortex. This effect was blocked by propranolol and seems be mediated by catecholamines. Since atropine also antagonized the stimulant effect of physostigmine, it appears that the action of physostigmine is primarily cholinergic and that the adrenergic effect is a secondary phenomenon. The higher dose of physostigmine (0.4 mg/kg i.v.) caused a depression of rat brain oxygen uptake.
Subject(s)
Cerebral Cortex/drug effects , Oxygen Consumption/drug effects , Physostigmine/pharmacology , Animals , Atropine/pharmacology , Cerebral Cortex/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Male , Neostigmine/pharmacology , Propranolol/pharmacology , RatsABSTRACT
The effects of obidoxime, a pyridinium oxime, on the cholinesterase activity and acetylcholine content of the submandibular glands of rats poisoned with armin, an organophosphorus anticholinesterase agent, were studied. The results indicate that obidoxime-induced reactivation of phosphorylated cholinesterase can suppress completely the increase in the concentration of acetylcholine that develops within the submandibular gland after administration of armin alone.
