ABSTRACT
The effects of trauma have been the focus of study by several researchers. However, at present, there is no diagnostic criteria that includes all forms of clinical presentations of subjects who have been victims of prolonged trauma or that have started at developmentally vulnerable times in the victim's life. Unlike those individuals who are victims of a single traumatic event, individuals who suffer multiple traumas that occur at vulnerable times, are at risk of developing a complex trauma. The concept of complex trauma was introduced in the last decades and is characterized by a symptomatic pleomorphism: emotional instability, somatization, dissociation; changes in identity, pathological changes in interpersonal relationships and suicidal behavior. The present article describes the clinical features and tries to elucidate the main neurobiological variables involved in trauma. Finally, psychotherapeutic and pharmacological approaches are developed.
Subject(s)
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/complications , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology , Humans , Psychotherapy , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/therapyABSTRACT
Over the last decades a series of psychological treatments labeled 'Third Generation Therapies' have been developed. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a third generation therapy that essentially seeks to promote the acceptance of private events in opposition to their modification or change, with the aim of promoting cognitive flexibility. Thus, it is intended that the subject be permitted to choose their behavior consistent with personal values. The current work aims to provide overview specific to the contextual conditions that promoted the emergence of ACT, the underlying philosophy and theory, and the particularities of the intervention model.
ABSTRACT
Clinical work with patient suffering complex or multiple problems represents one of the biggest challenges for mental health professionals. The third wave of cognitive behavioral therapies emphasizes the context and function of psychological events more so than their validity, frequency, or form, while incorporating processes of acceptance and mindfulness. The current work aims to provide a description of one type of these therapies, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), which was developed by Dr. Marsha M. Linehan. In the 80's DBT's efficacy was investigated among women diagnosed with borderline personality disorder, while later extending the model to be used for other disorders. Specifically, the orientation of DBT, the central dialectic component between acceptance and change, validation procedures, and changes are explained. Moreover, the biosocial theory of the etiology and maintenance of behavioral problems are considered. Lastly, the targeted problems specific to when they occurred and their components for treatment are explained in stages.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to measure the duration of the suicidal process among patients diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). The sample included 110 female patients who met DSM-IV-TR criteria for BPD and were consecutively admitted after suicide-related behavior. A total of 63 patients (58%) reported that their suicidal process lasted 10 minutes or less. After being adjusted, the ß coefficient of impulsivity scales in women with a suicidal process ≤10 minutes was lower compared to those observed in women with >10 min (ß = -0.03, 95% CI = -0.06 = -0.01, p < 0.01). Suicidal patients with BPD can be divided into two groups; patients who report a suicidal process less than 10 minutes show a higher degree of impulsivity.
Subject(s)
Borderline Personality Disorder , Impulsive Behavior , Suicidal Ideation , Suicide, Attempted , Adult , Argentina , Borderline Personality Disorder/diagnosis , Borderline Personality Disorder/psychology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Early Medical Intervention/methods , Female , Hospitalization , Humans , Middle Aged , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Self-Control , Suicide, Attempted/prevention & control , Suicide, Attempted/psychology , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is determined by the presence of any five of nine diagnostic criteria, leading patients with heterogeneous clinical features to be diagnosed under the same label without an individualized clinical and therapeutic approach. In response to this problem, Oldham proposed five types of BPD: affective, impulsive, aggressive, dependent and empty. The present study categorized a sample of BPD patients hospitalized due to suicide-related behavior according to Oldham's BPD proposed subtypes, and evaluated their clinical and demographic characteristics. Data were obtained from a sample of 93 female patients admitted to the « Dr. Braulio A. Moyano ¼ Neuropsychiatric Hospital following suicide-related behavior. A total of 87 patients were classified as affective (26%), impulsive (37%), aggressive (4%), dependent (29%), and empty (5%). Patients classified as dependent were significantly older at the time of first suicide-related behavior (p = 0.0008) and reported significantly less events of previous suicide-related behaviors (p = 0.03), while patients classified as impulsive reported significantly higher rates of drug use (p = 0.02). Dependent, impulsive and affective BPD types were observed most frequently in our sample. Findings are discussed specific to demographic and clinical implications of BPD patients reporting concurrent suicidal behavior.
Subject(s)
Borderline Personality Disorder/classification , Borderline Personality Disorder/psychology , Suicide/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Borderline Personality Disorder/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Retrospective Studies , Statistics, Nonparametric , Suicide/statistics & numerical data , Young Adult , Suicide PreventionABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Suicide is an issue of high public health impact. In Argentina there are few published studies on suicide and suicide attempt. OBJECTIVE: To determine the percentage of hospitalizations caused by suicidal attempt or suicidal ideation in a Mental Health Hospital of the City of Buenos Aires, describe the clinical and demographic characteristics of these patients and to analyze the frequency of adverse events at a 6-month follow-up. METHODS: In the present study, baseline and follow-up data of an analytical, observational, prospective cohort study are used. RESULTS: Baseline data show that of all patients who entered the Emergency Department, 27% did so for ideation or suicide attempt. The most frequent diagnoses were: borderline personality disorder (41%), major depressive disorder (38%), bipolar disorder (20%) and schizophrenia (16%). The method most commonly used during the suicide attempt was drug poisoning. In half of the patients, the suicidal process was developed in less than 10 minutes. Monitoring data show that 22% of patients had a new attempted suicide and 34% had a readmission in a 6-month period. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these results describe the characteristics of suicide patients admitted to a Mental Health Hospital and show the low efficacy of interventions and the need to devise new strategies for the management of suicidal patients.
Subject(s)
Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Suicidal Ideation , Suicide, Attempted/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Hospitals, Psychiatric , Humans , Prospective Studies , Time FactorsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To analyze published evidence from the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region pertaining to risk factors for completed suicide and suicide attempts among psychiatric populations. METHODS: Potential studies were identified through systematic electronic searches in MEDLINE and LILACS. Included studies were cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional designed investigations of psychiatric samples in which suicide or a suicide attempt was reported as an outcome and evaluated with some measure of impact (odds ratio, risk ratio, or hazard ratio). Methodological quality was assessed using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) recommendations. RESULTS: Of the 2 987 identified studies, a total of 17 studies were reviewed to determine potential suicidal risk factors. Eleven studies used a case-control design, five used a cross-sectional design, and only one study used a prospective-cohort design. The main risk factors for suicide attempts in LAC included major depressive disorder (MDD), family dysfunction, and prior suicide attempt, while the main risk factors for completed suicide were male gender and MDD. The methodological quality of most of the studies was low. CONCLUSIONS: This review provides evidence that the majority of relevant risk factors for suicide and suicide attempts in the LAC region are similar to those observed in Western societies but different from those reported in Eastern societies. Studies of higher methodological quality from the region are needed to support these results.
Subject(s)
Mental Disorders/complications , Suicide/statistics & numerical data , Caribbean Region/epidemiology , Humans , Latin America/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Suicide, Attempted/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To analyze published evidence from the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region pertaining to risk factors for completed suicide and suicide attempts among psychiatric populations. METHODS: Potential studies were identified through systematic electronic searches in MEDLINE and LILACS. Included studies were cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional designed investigations of psychiatric samples in which suicide or a suicide attempt was reported as an outcome and evaluated with some measure of impact (odds ratio, risk ratio, or hazard ratio). Methodological quality was assessed using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) recommendations. RESULTS: Of the 2 987 identified studies, a total of 17 studies were reviewed to determine potential suicidal risk factors. Eleven studies used a case-control design, five used a cross-sectional design, and only one study used a prospective-cohort design. The main risk factors for suicide attempts in LAC included major depressive disorder (MDD), family dysfunction, and prior suicide attempt, while the main risk factors for completed suicide were male gender and MDD. The methodological quality of most of the studies was low. CONCLUSIONS: This review provides evidence that the majority of relevant risk factors for suicide and suicide attempts in the LAC region are similar to those observed in Western societies but different from those reported in Eastern societies. Studies of higher methodological quality from the region are needed to support these results.
OBJETIVO: Analizar los datos probatorios publicados de la región de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) que fueran pertinentes a los factores de riesgo de suicidio consumado e intentos de suicidio entre las poblaciones psiquiátricas. MÉTODOS: Se seleccionaron los posibles estudios mediante búsquedas electrónicas sistemáticas en MEDLINE y LILACS. Se incluyeron estudios cuyos diseños de investigación fueran de cohortes, de casos y controles, o transversales de muestras psiquiátricas, y en los que el suicidio o un intento de suicidio se notificaran como un resultado, y se evaluaran mediante alguna medida de la repercusión (razón de posibilidades, razón de riesgos o razón de riesgos instantáneos). Se evaluó la calidad metodológica mediante el uso de las recomendaciones de la iniciativa de Fortalecimiento de la Notificación de los Estudios Observacionales en Epidemiología (STROBE, por sus siglas en inglés). RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 17 de los 2 987 estudios seleccionados con objeto de determinar los posibles factores de riesgo de suicidio. Once estudios usaron un diseño de casos y controles, cinco usaron un diseño transversal, y un único estudio usó un diseño de cohortes prospectivo. Los principales factores de riesgo de intento de suicidio en ALC fueron el trastorno depresivo mayor (TDM), la disfunción familiar y el intento de suicidio previo, mientras que los principales factores de riesgo de suicidio consumado fueron el sexo masculino y el TDM. La mayor parte de los estudios mostraron una mala calidad metodológica. CONCLUSIONES: Esta revisión aporta datos probatorios de que la mayor parte de los factores de riesgo pertinentes al suicidio y los intentos de suicidio en la región de ALC son similares a los observados en las sociedades occidentales pero diferentes a los notificados en las sociedades orientales. Se necesitan estudios regionales de mayor calidad metodológica para apoyar estos resultados.
Subject(s)
Suicide/prevention & control , Suicide, Attempted/prevention & control , Americas/ethnology , Mental HealthABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Suicide is an issue of high public health impact. In Argentina there are few published studies on suicide and suicide attempt. OBJECTIVE: To determine the percentage of hospitalizations caused by suicidal attempt or suicidal ideation in a Mental Health Hospital of the City of Buenos Aires, describe the clinical and demographic characteristics of these patients and to analyze the frequency of adverse events at a 6-month follow-up. METHODS: In the present study, baseline and follow-up data of an analytical, observational, prospective cohort study are used. RESULTS: Baseline data show that of all patients who entered the Emergency Department, 27
did so for ideation or suicide attempt. The most frequent diagnoses were: borderline personality disorder (41
), major depressive disorder (38
), bipolar disorder (20
) and schizophrenia (16
). The method most commonly used during the suicide attempt was drug poisoning. In half of the patients, the suicidal process was developed in less than 10 minutes. Monitoring data show that 22
of patients had a new attempted suicide and 34
had a readmission in a 6-month period. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these results describe the characteristics of suicide patients admitted to a Mental Health Hospital and show the low efficacy of interventions and the need to devise new strategies for the management of suicidal patients.
Subject(s)
Suicide , Risk Factors , Latin America , Caribbean Region , Suicide , Risk Factors , Latin America , Caribbean RegionABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Suicide is an issue of high public health impact. In Argentina there are few published studies on suicide and suicide attempt. OBJECTIVE: To determine the percentage of hospitalizations caused by suicidal attempt or suicidal ideation in a Mental Health Hospital of the City of Buenos Aires, describe the clinical and demographic characteristics of these patients and to analyze the frequency of adverse events at a 6-month follow-up. METHODS: In the present study, baseline and follow-up data of an analytical, observational, prospective cohort study are used. RESULTS: Baseline data show that of all patients who entered the Emergency Department, 27
did so for ideation or suicide attempt. The most frequent diagnoses were: borderline personality disorder (41
) and schizophrenia (16
). The method most commonly used during the suicide attempt was drug poisoning. In half of the patients, the suicidal process was developed in less than 10 minutes. Monitoring data show that 22
of patients had a new attempted suicide and 34
had a readmission in a 6-month period. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these results describe the characteristics of suicide patients admitted to a Mental Health Hospital and show the low efficacy of interventions and the need to devise new strategies for the management of suicidal patients.
