The immediate impact of mandatory helmet law on maxillo-facial trauma: A comparative study in a major trauma center, Uttar Pradesh.

Aim: To analyze the effect of the mandatory helmet rule in helmet usage among motorcycle riders and on facial trauma and to determine the significance of difference in the possibility of facial trauma between the helmeted and non-helmeted motorcycle riders. Setting and Design: A retrospective comparative study conducted in a major trauma center at Uttar Pradesh. Material and Method: Data for the present study was obtained from records of the Emergency Department of Trauma Center, for a period of two months before and after the implementation of The Motor Vehicles Act in UP. The study included patients with a history of non-fatal motorcycle accidents who sustained facial injuries regardless of the presence of injuries to other areas of the body during the study period. Information regarding helmet usage during the accident was also recorded. The results were compared between the pre-law period and post-law period. Statistical Analysis Used: Sample t-test was applied to find the level of significance. Results: Out of 219 injured patients, 152 (69.40%) subjects were not wearing helmets, whereas only 67 (30.59%) subjects were wearing helmets. It was observed that around 68.18% of people stated wearing helmets after law implementation with a statistical significance (P value < 0.05). Conclusion: Our study shows that the mandatory helmet rule with elevated penalty rates has significantly increased the usage of helmet among the motorcycle riders, and it also proves that the possibility of facial trauma is significantly higher in non-helmeted riders when compared to helmeted riders.

Developing an integrated genomic selection approach beyond biomass for varietal protection and nutritive traits in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.).

KEY MESSAGE: Breeding target traits can be broadened to include nutritive value and plant breeder's rights traits in perennial ryegrass by using in-field regression-based spectroscopy phenotyping and genomic selection. Perennial ryegrass breeding has focused on biomass yield, but expansion into a broader set of traits is needed to benefit livestock industries whilst also providing support for intellectual property protection of cultivars. Numerous breeding objectives can be targeted simultaneously with the development of sensor-based phenomics and genomic selection (GS). Of particular interest are nutritive value (NV), which has been difficult and expensive to measure using traditional phenotyping methods, resulting in limited genetic improvement to date, and traits required to obtain varietal protection, known as plant breeder's rights (PBR) traits. In order to assess phenotyping requirements for NV improvement and potential for genetic improvement, in-field reflectance-based spectroscopy was assessed and GS evaluated in a single population for three key NV traits, captured across four timepoints. Using three prediction approaches, the possibility of targeting PBR traits using GS was evaluated for five traits recorded across three years of a breeding program. Prediction accuracy was generally low to moderate for NV traits and moderate to high for PBR traits, with heritability highly correlated with GS accuracy. NV did not show significant or consistent correlation between timepoints highlighting the need to incorporate seasonal NV into selection indexes and the value of being able to regularly monitor NV across seasons. This study has demonstrated the ability to implement GS for both NV and PBR traits in perennial ryegrass, facilitating the expansion of ryegrass breeding targets to agronomically relevant traits while ensuring necessary varietal protection is achieved.

Prevalence of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) contributes to a large proportion of liver disease burden in the world. Several groups have studied the prevalence of NAFLD in the Indian population. Aim: A systematic review of the published literature and meta-analysis was carried out to estimate the prevalence of NAFLD in the Indian population. Methods: English language literature published until April 2021 was searched from electronic databases. Original data published in any form which had reported NAFLD prevalence in the Indian population were included. The subgroup analysis of prevalence was done based on the age (adults or children) and risk category, i.e., average-risk group (community population, participants of control arm, unselected participants, hypothyroidic individuals, athletes, aviation crew, and army personnel) and high-risk group (obesity or overweight, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, etc.). The prevalence estimates were pooled using the random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed with I2. Results: Sixty-two datasets (children 8 and adults 54) from 50 studies were included. The pooled prevalence of NAFLD was estimated from 2903 children and 23,581 adult participants. Among adults, the estimated pooled prevalence was 38.6% (95% CI 32-45.5). The NAFLD prevalence in average-risk and high-risk subgroups was estimated to be 28.1% (95% CI 20.8-36) and 52.8% (95% CI 46.5-59.1), respectively. The estimated NAFLD prevalence was higher in hospital-based data (40.8% [95% CI 32.6-49.3%]) than community-based data (28.2% [95% CI 16.9-41%]). Among children, the estimated pooled prevalence was 35.4% (95% CI 18.2-54.7). The prevalence among non-obese and obese children was 12.4 (95% CI 4.4-23.5) and 63.4 (95% CI 59.4-67.3), respectively. Conclusion: Available data suggest that approximately one in three adults or children have NAFLD in India.

Variables to predict spontaneous eruption of palatally displaced permanent canine after interceptive extraction of primary canine: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of different diagnostic variables measured on panoramic radiographs (PAN) to predict spontaneous eruption of palatally displaced canine (PDC) after interceptive extraction in late mixed dentition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Digital databases (MEDLINE, CENTRAL (Cochrane), Scopus, clinicaltrials.gov, ISRCTN registry) and hand searches were performed up to March 2020. Both randomized and non-randomized controlled trials were considered for the review. Study selection, data extraction, risk of bias assessment (RoB2.0 and ROBINS-I), and the certainty of evidence evaluation (GRADE) were performed according to Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The random-effects method for quantitative synthesis of dichotomous as well as continuous data was used. RESULTS: Out of 767 retrieved records, 4 controlled trials fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Studies were assessed at low risk of bias except one. Overall certainty was strong to moderate. PDCs in distal sectors (RR: 1.621; 95%CI: 1.259 to 2.086; P<0.001) and alpha-angle <30° (SMD: -1.350; 95%CI: 1.924 to -0.776; P<0.001) were significantly benefited from interceptive extraction. However, Vertical distance of PDC cusp tip from occlusal plane had statistically insignificant (p: 0.855) roll on eruption prediction. CONCLUSION: Interceptive extraction at a younger age, initial horizontal localization (sector position), and alpha-angle (initial mesial inclination) are the most important variables predicting the spontaneous eruption of palatally displaced canines. Findings of this review can be utilized to make evidence-based decisions for managing PDCs with diverse sectors and mesial inclinations. However, well-designed clinical trials are recommended to strengthen the evidence.

Changing Trends In Electrical Burns From A Tertiary Care Centre - Epidemiology And Outcome Analysis.

Electrical burn injuries result in significant mortality and morbidity. Most of these injuries are preventable. We conducted a retrospective analysis of various aspects of electrical injuries presenting to our center over a period of 1 year from September 2018 to August 2019. Demographic characteristics of patients along with burn characteristics and associated injuries were analysed. Outcomes including length of hospital stay, need for fasciotomy, amputation, renal failure and mortality were also analysed. A total of 6380 patients presented to our center during the study period, of which 471 (7.38%) had electrical burns. Total burn admissions were 1530, of which 283 (18.49%) patients were admitted with electrical burns. The mean age in our cohort was 25.31±12.76 years and mean TBSA was 29.22±23.81%. The most common cause of electrical burns was occupational (33.3%), followed by those that occurred on the rooftop of houses (31%). A historical comparison with data published from our center in 2011 showed a significant increase in occupational burns (18.72% vs. 33.3%) and rooftop electrical burns (8.21% vs. 31%), and a decrease in agriculture-related (42.46% vs. 9.1%) and domestic electrical burns (26.02% vs. 6.7%). There was also a significant rise in proportion of high voltage injuries (71.23% vs. 86.90%). Logistic regression analysis showed electric contact burn to be a risk factor for fasciotomy and limb gangrene. Risk factors for renal failure were age, percentage burn, electric contact burn and rural residence, and those for mortality were percentage burn and renal failure. Emphasis on preventive strategies, especially against occupational injuries and injuries occurring on rooftops, is necessary to prevent such devastating injuries.

Les brûlures électriques sont responsables d'une morbidité et d'une mortalité significatives, quand la plupart d'entre elles peuvent être prévenues. Nous avons étudié rétrospectivement les brûlures électriques vues dans notre service entre septembre 2018 et août 2019 inclus (données démographiques, caractéristiques de la brûlure, lésions associées, durée d'hospitalisation, aponévrotomies, amputations, défaillances rénales, mortalité). Quatre cent soixante et onze des 6 380 (7,38%) patients s'étant présentés souffraient de brûlures électriques. Deux cent quatre- vingt- trois des 1 530 (18,49%) hospitalisés l'étaient en raison de brûlures électriques. L'âge moyen était de 25,31 +/- 12,76 ans, la surface brûlée de 29,22 +/- 23,81%. La brûlure survenait au travail dans 1/3 des cas, au domicile (sur le toit) dans 31% des cas. Comparativement aux données historiques de notre CTB (datant de 2011), on constate une recrudescence des accidents de travail (qui passent de 18,72 à 33,3%) et de ceux survenant sur le toit du domicile (de 8,21 à 31%) alors que ceux chez les agriculteurs (de 42,46% à 9,1%) et les accidents domestiques (de 26,02 à 6,7%) baissent. La proportion des accidents à haut voltage a augmenté de 71,23 à 86,9%. En régression logistique, la brûlure électrothermique est un facteur de risque d'aponévrotomie et de gangrène de membre. Les facteurs de risque d'insuffisance rénale étaient l'âge, la surface brûlée, la brûlure électrothermique et la ruralité. Les facteurs de risque de mortalité étaient la surface brûlée et la défaillance rénale. Les mesures préventives doivent se focaliser sur les accidents de travail et le risque encouru sur les toits des habitations.

Probing spin correlations using angle-resolved photoemission in a coupled metallic/Mott insulator system.

A nearly free electron metal and a Mott insulating state can be thought of as opposite ends of the spectrum of possibilities for the motion of electrons in a solid. Understanding their interaction lies at the heart of the correlated electron problem. In the magnetic oxide metal PdCrO2, nearly free and Mott-localized electrons exist in alternating layers, forming natural heterostructures. Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, quantitatively supported by a strong coupling analysis, we show that the coupling between these layers leads to an "intertwined" excitation that is a convolution of the charge spectrum of the metallic layer and the spin susceptibility of the Mott layer. Our findings establish PdCrO2 as a model system in which to probe Kondo lattice physics and also open new routes to use the a priori nonmagnetic probe of photoemission to gain insights into the spin susceptibility of correlated electron materials.

The Structure of VOPc on Cu(111): Does V=O Point Up, or Down, or Both?

The local structure of the nonplanar phthalocyanine, vanadyl phthalocyanine (VOPc), adsorbed on Cu(111) at a coverage of approximately one-half of a saturated molecular layer, has been investigated by a combination of normal-incidence X-ray standing waves (NIXSW), scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction (PhD), and density-functional theory (DFT), complemented by scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). Qualitative assessment of the NIXSW data clearly shows that both "up" and "down" orientations of the molecule (with V=O pointing out of, and into, the surface) must coexist on the surface. O 1s PhD proves to be inconclusive regarding the molecular orientation. DFT calculations, using two different dispersion correction schemes, show good quantitative agreement with the NIXSW structural results for equal co-occupation of the two different molecular orientations and clearly favor the many body dispersion (MBD) method to deal with long-range dispersion forces. The calculated relative adsorption energies of the differently oriented molecules at the lowest coverage show a strong preference for the "up" orientation, but at higher local coverages, this energetic difference decreases, and mixed orientation phases are almost energetically equivalent to pure "up"-oriented phases. DFT-based Tersoff-Hamann simulations of STM topographs for the two orientations cast some light on the extent to which such images provide a reliable guide to molecular orientation.

An Overview of Analytical Methods for in Vitro Bioassay of Actinides.

The bioassay of urine and fecal samples has been used since the 1940s to determine an individual's uptake of uranium and actinide elements such as americium and plutonium. Over the years, several analytical separation methods and techniques have been employed for these types of analyses. Analytical separations, ranging from solvent extraction and anion exchange to chromatography, and analytical techniques, ranging from autoradiography to kinetic phosphorescence to fission-track analysis and high-resolution solid-state alpha spectroscopy, have been used at one time or another. Over the last few decades, there have been significant advances in radiochemical separations, as well as an increased use of mass spectroscopy, to determine trace and ultratrace levels of actinides in urine and fecal samples. This review summarizes and discusses developments in radiochemical separation methods and advancements in analytical techniques for actinide bioassay since the early 1940s to the present, followed by a recent development and trend in the bioassay of actinides-particularly in urine and fecal samples.

Direct measurement of Ni incorporation into Fe3O4(001).

The normal incidence X-ray standing wave (NIXSW) technique has been used to follow the evolution of the adsorption geometry of Ni adatoms on the Fe3O4(001)-(√2 × âˆš2)R45° surface as a function of temperature. Two primary surface region sites are identified: a bulk-continuation tetrahedral site and a sub-surface octahedral site, the latter site being preferred at higher annealing temperatures. The ease of incorporation is linked to the presence of subsurface cation vacancies in the (√2 × âˆš2)R45° reconstruction and is consistent with the preference for octahedral coordination observed in the spinel compound NiFe2O4.

A rapid method for the sequential separation of polonium, plutonium, americium and uranium in drinking water.

A new sequential separation method for the determination of polonium and actinides (Pu, Am and U) in drinking water samples has been developed that can be used for emergency response or routine water analyses. For the first time, the application of TEVA chromatography column in the sequential separation of polonium and plutonium has been studied. This method utilizes a rapid Fe+3 co-precipitation step to remove matrix interferences, followed by plutonium oxidation state adjustment to Pu4+ and an incubation period of ~ 1 h at 50-60 °C to allow Po2+ to oxidize to Po4+. The polonium and plutonium were then separated on a TEVA column, while separation of americium from uranium was performed on a TRU column. After separation, polonium was micro-precipitated with copper sulfide (CuS), while actinides were micro co-precipitated using neodymium fluoride (NdF3) for counting by the alpha spectrometry. The method is simple, robust and can be performed quickly with excellent removal of interferences, high chemical recovery and very good alpha peak resolution. The efficiency and reliability of the procedures were tested by using spiked samples. The effect of several transition metals (Cu2+, Pb2+, Fe3+, Fe2+, and Ni2+) on the performance of this method were also assessed to evaluate the potential matrix effects. Studies indicate that presence of up to 25 mg of these cations in the samples had no adverse effect on the recovery or the resolution of polonium alpha peaks.

Molecular characterization of Turnip mosaic potyvirus (TuMV)-infecting radish (Raphanus sativus L.) crop in India.

Nine isolates of Turnip mosaic potyvirus (TuMV)-infecting radish collected from different regions of Northern India were characterized. All isolates except for New Delhi and Rajasthan isolates resulted positive for TuMV in double antibody sandwich-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). RNA was isolated from leaves of infected plants and used in reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with TuMV coat protein (CP) gene-specific primers. Viral amplicons of expected 1000 bp size were obtained, which were further subjected to cloning and sequencing. CP gene of all the seven isolates was 867 bp long, encoding 288 amino acid residues. Percent homology of CP gene of all the Indian isolates among themselves and with other TuMV isolates retrieved from NCBI was in the range of 87-99 and 92-100% at nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based upon CP gene nucleotide and amino acid sequences with other TuMV isolates reported from across the globe using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) inferred classification of test isolates into basal-BR group due to their occurrence nearest to the TuMV isolates belonging to the basal-BR group. Information generated about the characteristic features of TuMV and geographical distribution of particular virus genotype-infecting radish crop will provide a platform for formulating disease resistance strategies.

Efficacy and tolerability of treatment with single doses of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and DEC plus albendazole (ABZ) for three consecutive years in lymphatic filariasis: a field study in India.

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) affects 73 countries, causes morbidity and impedes socioeconomic development. We had found no difference in safety and micro (Mf) and macro filarial action of single-dose diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and DEC + albendazole (ABZ) in an F01 study done in India (year 2000). There was a programmatic need to evaluate safety and efficacy of multiple annual treatments (F02). Subjects (155) from the F01 study, meeting inclusion-exclusion criteria, were enrolled in F02 and treated with further two annual doses of DEC or DEC + ABZ. Efficacy was evaluated for Mf positivity by peripheral smear (PS) and nucleopore (NP) filter, circulating filarial antigen (CFA) and filarial dance sign (FDS) positivity and Mf count at yearly follow-up. Safety was assessed for 5 days after drug administration. Total of 139 subjects evaluated for efficacy (69 DEC and 70 DEC + ABZ group). Mf positivity prevalence declined progressively by 95% (PS), 66% (NP), and 95% (PS) and 86% (NP); CFA positivity prevalence declined by 15% and 9%; FDS by 100% each; Mf count declined by 75.5 and 76.9% with three annual treatment of DEC and DEC + ABZ, respectively. Addition of ABZ did not show any advantage over DEC given as three annual rounds for LF. DEC and DEC + ABZ were well tolerated. There was no correlation between result of CFA and FDS, (both claimed to be indicative of adult worm). Analysis of published studies and our data indicate that macrofilaricidal effect of DEC/DEC + ABZ may be seen in children and not adults, with three or more annual dosing.

Plutonium in the atmosphere: A global perspective.

A number of potential source terms have contributed plutonium isotopes to the atmosphere. The atmospheric nuclear weapon tests conducted between 1945 and 1980 and the re-entry of the burned SNAP-9A satellite in 1964, respectively. It is generally believed that current levels of plutonium in the stratosphere are negligible and compared with the levels generally found at surface-level air. In this study, the time trend analysis and long-term behavior of plutonium isotopes (239+240Pu and 238Pu) in the atmosphere were assessed using historical data collected by various national and international monitoring networks since 1960s. An analysis of historical data indicates that 239+240Pu concentration post-1984 is still frequently detectable, whereas 238Pu is detected infrequently. Furthermore, the seasonal and time-trend variation of plutonium concentration in surface air followed the stratospheric trends until the early 1980s. After the last Chinese test of 1980, the plutonium concentrations in surface air dropped to the current levels, suggesting that the observed concentrations post-1984 have not been under stratospheric control, but rather reflect the environmental processes such as resuspension. Recent plutonium atmospheric air concentrations data show that besides resuspension, other environmental processes such as global dust storms and biomass burning/wildfire also play an important role in redistributing plutonium in the atmosphere.

Source and long-term behavior of transuranic aerosols in the WIPP environment.

Source and long-term behavior transuranic aerosols ((239+240)Pu, (238)Pu, and (241)Am) in the ambient air samples collected at and near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) deep geologic repository site were investigated using historical data from an independent monitoring program conducted by the Carlsbad Environmental Monitoring and Research Center and an oversight monitoring program conducted by the management and operating contractor for WIPP at and near the facility. An analysis of historical data indicates frequent detections of (239+240)Pu and (241)Am, whereas (238)Pu is detected infrequently. Peaks in (239+240)Pu and (241)Am concentrations in ambient air generally occur from March to June timeframe, which is when strong and gusty winds in the area frequently give rise to blowing dust. Long-term measurements of plutonium isotopes (1985-2015) in the WIPP environment suggest that the resuspension of previously contaminated soils is likely the primary source of plutonium in the ambient air samples from WIPP and its vicinity. There is no evidence that WIPP is a source of environmental contamination that can be considered significant by any health-based standard.

The magnitude and relevance of the February 2014 radiation release from the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant repository in New Mexico, USA.

After almost fifteen years of successful waste disposal operations, the first unambiguous airborne radiation release from the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) was detected beyond the site boundary on February 14, 2014. It was the first accident of its kind in the 15-year operating history of the WIPP. The accident released moderate levels of radioactivity into the underground air. A small but measurable amount of radioactivity also escaped to the surface through the ventilation system and was detected above ground. The dominant radionuclides released were americium and plutonium, in a ratio consistent with the known content of a breached drum. The radiation release was caused by a runaway chemical reaction inside a transuranic (TRU) waste drum which experienced a seal and lid failure, spewing radioactive materials into the repository. According to source-term estimation, approximately 2 to 10Ci of radioactivity was released from the breached drum into the underground, and an undetermined fraction of that source term became airborne, setting off an alarm and triggering the closure of seals designed to force exhausting air through a system of filters including high-efficiency-particulate-air (HEPA) filters. Air monitoring across the WIPP site intensified following the first reports of radiation detection underground to determine the extent of impact to WIPP personnel, the public, and the environment, if any. This article attempts to compile and interpret analytical data collected by an independent monitoring program conducted by the Carlsbad Environmental Monitoring & Research Center (CEMRC) and by a compliance-monitoring program conducted by the WIPP's management and operating contractor, the Nuclear Waste Partnership (NWP), LLC., in response to the accident. Both the independent and the WIPP monitoring efforts concluded that the levels detected were very low and localized, and no radiation-related health effects among local workers or the public would be expected.

Hurdles in selection process of nanodelivery systems for multidrug-resistant cancer.

PURPOSE: Most of the nanomedicines for treatment of multidrug-resistant cancer do not reach Phase III trials and many are terminated or withdrawn or are in an indeterminate state since long without any study results being presented. Extensive perusal of nanomedicine development research revealed that one of the critical aspects influencing clinical outcomes and which requires diligent scrutiny is selection process of nanodelivery system. METHODS: Research papers and articles published on development of nanodelivery systems for treatment of multidrug-resistant cancer were analyzed. Observations and conclusions noted by these researchers which might shed some light on poor clinical performance of nanocarriers were collated and summarized under observation section. Further research articles were studied to find possible solutions which may be applied to these particular problems for resolving them. The inferences of these findings were composed in Result section. RESULT: Plausible solutions for the observed obstacles were noted as examples of novel formulations that can yield the following: better in vivo imaging, precise targeting and dosing of a specific site and specific cell type in a particular cancer, modulation of tumor surroundings, intonation of systemic effects and high reproducibility. CONCLUSION: The angle of approach to the development of best nanosystem for a specific type of tumor needs to be spun around. Some of these changes can be brought about by individual scientists, some need to be established by collated efforts of scientists globally and some await advent of better technologies. Regardless of the stratagem, it can be said decisively that the schematics of development phase need rethinking.

A study on gender-related differences in laboratory characteristics of dengue fever.

Studies have reported significant gender-related differences in serological tests for detection of NS1 antigen and IgM antibody used for diagnosing dengue fever. However, no such study has been undertaken in India though dengue fever is endemic in this country. Therefore, this study was planned to study the association of serological findings with gender in 700 patients suspected to be suffering from dengue fever in the Indian setting. Haematological parameters of seropositive patients were also studied. Seropositivity and haemorrhagic findings were significantly associated with the female gender. Positive NS1 antigen and IgM antibody results were significantly associated with females and males, respectively.

Source term estimation and the isotopic ratio of radioactive material released from the WIPP repository in New Mexico, USA.

After almost 15 years of operations, the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) had one of its waste drums breach underground as a result of a runaway chemical reaction in the waste it contained. This incident occurred on February 14, 2014. Moderate levels of radioactivity were released into the underground air. A small portion of the contaminated underground air also escaped to the surface through the ventilation system and was detected approximately 1 km away from the facility. According to the source term estimation, the actual amount of radioactivity released from the WIPP site was less than 1.5 mCi. The highest activity detected on the surface was 115.2 µBq/m(3) for (241)Am and 10.2 µBq/m(3) for (239+240)Pu at a sampling station located 91 m away from the underground air exhaust point and 81.4 µBq/m(3) of (241)Am and 5.8 µBq/m(3) of (239+240)Pu at a monitoring station located approximately 1 km northwest of the WIPP facility. The dominant radionuclides released were americium and plutonium, in a ratio that matches the content of the breached drum. Air monitoring across the WIPP site intensified following the first reports of radiation detection underground to determine the extent of impact to WIPP personnel, the public, and the environment. In this paper, the early stage monitoring data collected by an independent monitoring program conducted by the Carlsbad Environmental Monitoring & Research Center (CEMRC) and an oversight monitoring program conducted by the WIPP's management and operating contractor, the Nuclear Waste Partnership (NWP) LLC were utilized to estimate the actual amount of radioactivity released from the WIPP underground. The Am and Pu isotope ratios were measured and used to support the hypothesis that the release came from one drum identified as having breached that represents a specific waste stream with this radionuclide ratio in its inventory. This failed drum underwent a heat and gas producing reaction that overpowered its vent and lifted its lid to allow release of waste into the underground air.