ABSTRACT
To avoid repeated, computationally expensive QM solute calculations while sampling MM solvent in QM/MM simulations, a new approach for constructing an implicit solvent model by coarse-graining the solvent properties over many explicit solvent configurations is proposed. The solvent is modeled using a polarizable force field that is parameterized in terms of distributed multipoles (electrostatics), polarizabilities (induction), and frequency-dependent polarizabilities (dispersion). The coarse-graining procedure exploits the ability to translate these properties to the center of each coarse-graining cell and average them over many solvent configurations before interacting them with the solute. A single coarse-grained QM/MM calculation of the interaction between a formamide solute and aqueous solvent reproduces the much more expensive average over many explicit QM/MM calculations with kJ/mol accuracy.
