Clinical presentation of first episode psychosis in people with and without HIV in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

AIM: Mental disorders and HIV are the main contributors to the increase in years lived with disability rates per person in sub-Saharan Africa. A complex inter-relationship exists between HIV and mental illness, especially in a region with a high HIV prevalence. We examined the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP), and the nature of psychotic and cognitive symptoms in people with first episode psychosis (FEP) living with and without HIV. METHODS: Adults aged between 18 and 45 years were assessed using a clinical interview, physical examination and several psychiatric tools. These included the Mini International Neuro-psychiatric Interview to confirm psychosis, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, International HIV Dementia Scale and other scales to measure symptom variables. HIV ELISA was used for HIV serology testing, with measures being carried out within 6 weeks of the first presentation. RESULTS: Of the 172 people presenting with FEP, 36 (21%) had comorbid HIV, those with both being older and more likely to be female (p < .001). Clinically, participants with FEP and HIV scored lower on the positive subscale (p = .008). There were no statistically significant differences for DUP or cognitive screening. Of those living with HIV and FEP (n = 36) comorbidity, nine were newly diagnosed with HIV at the time of the study. CONCLUSION: Individuals presenting with FEP and comorbid HIV were older, female and reported more mood symptoms. The identification of nine new HIV infections also reflects the ongoing need to test for HIV in people presenting with severe mental illness.

Psychiatric emergencies during pregnancy and puerperium in low - And middle-income countries.

Pregnancy and puerperium are critical points in women's health, and various psychiatric emergencies may worsen or manifest (for the first time) during this period. In the presence of a psychiatric emergency, the pregnancy and puerperium outcomes may be compromised. In addition to the mother being at risk, the health of the fetus and the newborn may also be compromised if the psychiatric emergency is not managed appropriately. Early detection and collaborative approaches between mental health practitioners and obstetricians are of utmost importance in women who are at risk and those living with psychiatric illnesses during pregnancy and puerperium. Practitioners should also ensure that women with impaired capacity due to psychiatric disease are treated in a non-judgmental and respectful manner, even if their autonomies have been overridden.

Blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarker changes in patients with HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment treated with lithium: analysis from a randomised placebo-controlled trial.

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist in the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Thus, ART does not completely halt or reverse the pathological processes behind HAND. Adjuvant mitigating treatments are, therefore, prudent. Lithium treatment is known to promote neuronal brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF). Lithium is also an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3-ß). We analyzed biomarkers obtained from participants in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of lithium in ART-treated individuals with moderate or severe HAND. We assayed markers at baseline and 24 weeks across several pathways hypothesized to be affected by HIV, inflammation, or degeneration. Investigated biomarkers included dopamine, BDNF, neurofilament light chain, and CD8 + lymphocyte activation (CD38 + HLADR +). Alzheimer's Disease (AD) biomarkers included soluble amyloid precursor protein alpha and beta (sAPPα/ß), Aß38, 40, 42, and ten other biomarkers validated as predictors of mild cognitive impairment and progression in previous studies. These include apolipoprotein C3, pre-albumin, α1-acid glycoprotein, α1-antitrypsin, PEDF, CC4, ICAM-1, RANTES, clusterin, and cystatin c. We recruited 61 participants (placebo = 31; lithium = 30). The age baseline mean was 40 (± 8.35) years and the median CD4 + T-cell count was 498 (IQR: 389-651) cells/µL. Biomarker concentrations between groups did not differ at baseline. However, both groups' blood dopamine levels decreased significantly after 24 weeks (adj. p < 002). No other marker was significantly different between groups, and we concluded that lithium did not confer neuroprotection following 24 weeks of treatment. However, the study was limited in duration and sample size.

Addressing the Needs of People with Schizophrenia in South Africa During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Research indicates that most people with Schizophrenia from low to middle-income countries do not receive adequate healthcare. Inadequate policies, lack of funding, poor service planning and neglect are some barriers to adequate care. Intrinsic barriers to care include stigma, lack of insight, and pathways to care that are often driven by cultural beliefs, and many systemic challenges. South Africa was not spared from the scourge of COVID-19, hosting a third of all reported cases in Africa. In a country with disparities, it would be of interest to get insight into the situation concerning the healthcare needs of people with Schizophrenia during the pandemic. A pandemic such as COVID-19 placed enormous strains on already limited and unequally distributed health care resources. In this paper, we discuss: (1) The South African healthcare system (with respect to Schizophrenia care). (2) COVID-19 policies related to the care of people with Schizophrenia (testing, access to vaccine). (3) Managing people with Schizophrenia amid the COVID-19 pandemic. (4) Recommendations.

Sexual trauma and post-traumatic stress among African female refugees and migrants in South Africa.

BACKGROUND: While there is considerable research in developed countries on the nature and extent of post-traumatic stress among refugees and migrants, few report on female Africans migrating within Africa. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between exposure to traumatic life events and post-traumatic stress disorder risk in refugees and migrants in Durban, South Africa, with specific focus on sexual trauma events among women. METHODS: Interviews were conducted on 157 consenting non-South African adults using a sociodemographic questionnaire, Life Events Checklist (documenting traumatic events experienced) and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (measuring post-traumatic symptomatology). Associations between total number of traumatic events and post-traumatic stress were explored using adjusted regression models. RESULTS: The results of one model indicated that greater numbers of traumatic life events experienced by women were associated with raised odds of post-traumatic stress disorder risk (ß = 1.48; p < 0.001). Another model indicated that exposure to sexual trauma events were associated with greater odds of post-traumatic stress disorder risk (ß = 4.09; p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the critical importance of mental health service for females with history of sexual traumatic events for this vulnerable population.

Sexual trauma and post-traumatic stress among African female refugees and migrants in South Africa

Background: While there is considerable research in developed countries on the nature and extent of post-traumatic stress among refugees and migrants, few report on female Africans migrating within Africa. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between exposure to traumatic life events and post-traumatic stress disorder risk in refugees and migrants in Durban, South Africa, with specific focus on sexual trauma events among women. Methods: Interviews were conducted on 157 consenting non-South African adults using a sociodemographic questionnaire, Life Events Checklist (documenting traumatic events experienced) and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (measuring post-traumatic symptomatology). Associations between total number of traumatic events and post-traumatic stress were explored using adjusted regression models. Results: The results of one model indicated that greater numbers of traumatic life events experienced by women were associated with raised odds of post-traumatic stress disorder risk (ß = 1.48; p < 0.001). Another model indicated that exposure to sexual trauma events were associated with greater odds of post-traumatic stress disorder risk (ß = 4.09; p = 0.02).Conclusion: Our findings highlight the critical importance of mental health service for females with history of sexual traumatic events for this vulnerable population

Counting the cost of Afrophobia: Post-migration adaptation and mental health challenges of African refugees in South Africa.

There are few studies on the role of migration within sub-Saharan Africa and its relation to the development of mental illness. We investigated post-resettlement adaptation and mental health challenges of African refugees/migrants in Durban, South Africa. We interviewed 335 African help-seeking refugees/migrants for anxiety, depression (25-item Hopkins Symptom Checklist) and post-traumatic stress symptoms (30-item Harvard Trauma Questionnaire). Socio-demographic and migration history, focusing on post-migration circumstances and experiences of discrimination in the host country, were obtained. Association between migration and post-settlement factors and mental health outcomes were assessed using adjusted logistic regression models. Prevalence of mental distress was high: 49.4% anxiety, 54.6% depression and 24.9% post-traumatic stress symptoms. After adjustment for family separation since migration, recent arrival in South Africa was associated with increased risk for depression (aOR = 4.0, 95% CI:1.3-11.8) and post-traumatic stress (aOR = 5.2, 95% CI:1.7-15.9), while in unadjusted models, older age on arrival was associated with anxiety (aOR = 5.3, 95% CI:1.4-19.8) and depression (aOR = 6.2, 95% CI:1.6-24.3). History of family separation since migration was independently associated with depression and post-traumatic stress in all models. Discriminatory experiences since migration was also an independent risk factor for all three mental health outcomes. Finally, being divorced/widowed was associated with an increased risk for post-traumatic stress, while higher income earners were protected against post-traumatic symptoms, even after adjustment. Refugees/migrants in South Africa show a significant burden of mental distress that is linked to challenges of adjustment in an often hostile context. Services addressing these and other health-related, social-economic needs should be developed as a priority.

Food Insecurity and Risk of Depression Among Refugees and Immigrants in South Africa.

South Africa's refugee population has grown considerably over the last decade. Both food insecurity and mental illness are common in developing countries, but this relationship remains unexamined in an African refugee population. 335 adult refugees in Durban, South Africa were interviewed using a self-report of food insecurity and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25. The proportion of those who responded 'often true' to not having enough food and eating less was 23.1 and 54.3 %, respectively. The proportion of individuals with a significant level of anxiety and depressive symptomatology was 49.4 and 54.6 %, respectively. The adjusted logistic regression indicated that not eating enough was significantly associated with anxiety (aOR = 4.52, 95 % CI: 2.09-9.80) and depression (aOR = 4.51, 95 % CI: 2.01-10.09). Similarly, eating less was significantly associated with anxiety (aOR = 2.88, 95 % CI: 1.56-5.31) and depression (aOR = 2.88, 95 % CI: 1.54-5.39). The high prevalence of food insecurity, and its relationship to mental illness, highlight the importance of addressing basic needs among this population.