[Ensuring continuity of care at the time of COVID-19: challenges for the Dakar Integrated Support Center for Addictions]. / Assurer la continuité des soins au temps de la COVID-19 : défis pour le centre de traitement des addictions à Dakar.

The COVID-19 pandemic has an impact on health systems, whose modes of adaptation and response on the ground are still poorly documented and are evolving. The Dakar Integrated Support Center for Addictions (CEPIAD) has been implementing risk reduction since 2014, particularly with drug users. The COVID-19 pandemic and related public health measures were an obstacle to its attendance by patients, in particular due to movement restriction. In addition to the implementation of individual and collective preventive measures in the center, CEPIAD has experimented "take-home" for methadon that is generally provided daily through directly observed treatment. The center has also taken care of amnestied incarcerated cannabis users. Several aspects of this experience, perceived positively, could be relevant outside the pandemic context.

Usefulness of Dried Blood Spots (DBS) to perform hepatitis C virus genotyping in drug users in Senegal.

The aim of this pilot study was to analyze the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) genotypes circulating in Senegal among Drug User (DUs), using Dried Blood Spots (DBS) as RNA source for molecular assays. Heroin and/or cocaine users (n = 506) were recruited in Dakar from April to July 2011, using a Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) method. DBS preparation consisted of five drops of whole blood from finger applied to a Whatman paper card. HCV infection was screened by the detection of anti-HCV antibodies, using a rapid immune-chromatographic test. HCV RNA was quantified on anti-HCV positive DBS, using the Abbott RealTime HCV® Genotyping was performed on DBS with detectable viral load with Versant® HCV Genotype 2.0 Assay (LiPA) and Abbott RealTime HCV Genotype II assay®. Among the 506 participants, 120 were tested as positive for anti-HCV antibodies and their samples were analyzed for HCV RNA viral load and genotype. Out of the 120 DBS tested, HCV RNA was detected on 25 (20.8%). The median viral load was 15,058 IU/ml (ranging from 710 to 766,740 IU/ml). All positive DBS were suitable for the genotyping assay, that showed a predominance of genotype 1 (21/25) including 16 genotypes 1a and 5 genotypes 1b. HCV genotype 1 prevails in a DU population in Dakar. DBS could be useful for HCV RNA genotyping, but optimal storage conditions should required avoiding RNA impairment. Acknowledging this limitation, DBS could be a great interest for detecting and genotyping HCV viremic patients. J. Med. Virol. 89:484-488, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

[Role of eldest in a destructured family context: clinical case report from Fann Hospital in Dakar, Senegal]. / La position d'aîné a l'epreuve d'un contexte familial déstructurant: une observation au CHU de Fann a Dakar.

In a Senegalese family, the role of the eldest, i.e. the one who must lead the way, is particularly difficult. The eldest is the only one required to excel and wield power in the family. To ensure his status and maintain his identity, the elder must be acknowledged as such by the father, mother, and younger siblings. The purpose of this report is to describe a case demonstrating the psychological frailness associated with elder status. The patient developed depressive breakdown when his mother dismayed by his professional failure ceased to acknowledgement his status and implicitly disqualified him. Discussion includes the psychopathological dimension revolving mainly around an Oedipal relationship with the father.

[Epidemiology of the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to antituberculosis drugs at the main hospital in Dakar, Senegal. A 4-year retrospective study (2000-2003)]. / Épidémiologie de la résistance de Mycobacterium tuberculosis aux antituberculeux à l'hôpital principal de Dakar. Étude rétrospective sur quatre ans (2000-2003).

A retrospective study was carried out from January 2000 to December 2003 to assess the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to antituberculosis drugs and the impact of this on the treatment result. Two hundred and two patients' files were studied (average age: 36 years; sex-ratio: 1.7). Pulmonary localisation (85.7%) or extrapulmonary localisation (14.3%). HIV status is negative (71.3%), positive (10.8%) or unknown (17.9%). The overall recovery rate is 60.7% (61.4% in HIV-; 46.1% in HIV+), the rate of treatment failure is 2.7% (1.1% in HIV-; 15.4% in HIV+), the death rate due to tuberculosis is 6.3% (2.3% in HIV-; 23.1% in HIV+), and the rate of patients who disappeared from the system is 30.3% (35.2% in HIV-; 14.2% in HIV+). Hepatotoxicity that occurred during treatment is observed in 14.3% of cases (recovery: 56.2%; failure: 6.2%; lost from the system: 18.8%). Eighty-four percent of patients never received antituberculosis treatment (group A) versus 15.8% of patients who had already received one or more antituberculosis drugs (group B). The rates of resistance to isoniazid are 6.4% (A) and 12.5% (B), to rifampicin 1.7% (A) and 12.5% (B), to ethambutol 0.5% (A) and 0% (B), to streptomycin 24.1% (A) and 46.8% (B). The percentage of multiresistant strains is 1% in patients not treated previously and 11% in those who had already received antituberculosis treatment. When the patients are carriers of a strain that is responsive to the treatment administered, the recovery rate is 64.2% versus 46.7% in patients whose strain is resistant to at least one of the treatments administered.

[Diffuse interstitial lung disease and connective tissue diseases: study of seven cases in Dakar]. / Les pneumopathies interstitielles diffuses non specifiques au cours des connectivites: à propos de 7 observations à Dakar.

INTRODUCTION: The diagnosis of diffuse interstitial lung disease non specific in connective tissue disease is difficult because of many differential diagnoses. Lung involvement can affect functional or vital prognosis. We report 7 cases. CASES: We collected data from 60 years old mean patients. Pulmonary localisation was diagnosed after 19 years of evolution of the auto-immune disease. Discovering circumstances were dyspnea and chronic cough. The radiographic and scannographic signs were diffuse because of long diagnosis delay. The underlying auto immune disease was scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, Sharp's syndrome, and multiple autoimmune syndrome. The main treatment was corticosteroids and respiratory physiotherapy. CONCLUSION: Throughout these 7 cases we discuss clinical, radiological and evolutive aspects and we focus on the need of early diagnosis for a better prognosis.

Le Test Du Sénégal: Un Instrument Valide Et Fiable Pour Le Dépistage De La Démence Dans Une Population De Personnes Âgées Sénégalaises

"Description. Face au vieillissement de la population et au developpement de la demence; il est necessaire de disposer d'outil de depistage valide et fiable qui soit adapte au contexte socio-culturel. Objectif.Valider le Test du Senegal; un instrument de depistage de la demence aupres de la population agee senegalaise. Methode .Le Test du Senegal est un instrument de depistage de la demence incluant des items en rapport avec l'orientation; la memoire; l'attention/calcul; la praxie et le langage avec un score de 0-39 points. Sa validation s'est deroulee en deux phases aupres de personnes agees de 55 ans et plus frequentant le Centre Medicosocial et Universitaire de l'IPRES (Institut de Prevoyance Retraite du Senegal) pour des soins : 1) etude transversale aupres de 872 patients interviewes avec le questionnaire ""Vieillir au Senegal"" pour identifier les cas selon les criteres DSM IV-R; 2) une etude cas-temoins avec 116 patients (58 sujets dements et 58 temoins apparies par le sexe) pour la validation proprement dite. Le Test du Senegal a ete administre lors de la premiere phase; re-administre une semaine puis deux semaines apres lors de la deuxieme phase. La validite de critere; la validite de construit et la fidelite du test ont ete estimees. L'effet de l'age et de l'instruction sur la performance du test pour depister la demence a ete etudie avec des analyses de regression logistique. Resultat. Le Test du Senegal identifiait les cas de demence avec les caracteristiques suivantes au point de coupure de 28/29 : sensibilite : 93;1; specificite : 89;6; valeur predictive positive : 93;1; valeur predictive negative : 92;8; surface sous la courbe caracteristique de performance: 0;967; kappa : 0;82; coefficient de correlation intraclasse variant entre 0;67 et 0;87. L'age et l'education n'avaient aucune influence sur la performance au Test du Senegal. Conclusion Le Test du Senegal est un instrument valide et fiable pour le depistage de la demence dans la population agee senegalaise. Il pourra etre utilise comme outil de depistage de la demence dans les services de sante."

[Important pericardial effusions: apport of echocardiography guided pericardocentensis: about 30 consecutive cases]. / Péricardites liquidiennes abondantes: apports de la péricardocentése echoguidée: a propos de 30 cas consécutifs.

INTRODUCTION: Western countries have good mastery of abundant pericardial effusion while in Africa this still raises some problems regarding diagnosis and therapy. The aim was to see to what extent echo guided pericardiocentesis could contribute in severe cases. METHODS: All patients with abundant pericardial effusion diagnosed by echocardiography with or without compression were considered in a prospective study. They experienced a pericardiocentesis. Some patients did undergo an additional surgical biopsy. The liquid was preliminarily submitted to chemical, bacteriological, cytological analysis. Tissues were observed through an anatomic pathology in biopsy. Heart tuberculosis was diagnosed through histology for following therapeutic testing. RESULTS: Thirty consecutive patients aged 37 in average were included. The sex ratio was 3.75. Prior to draining off, 3 neoplasies (2 of lung bronchitis, 1 of cervix ), 1 leukaemia, 2 extra pericardium tuberculosis and 1 amoebic abscess were diagnosed . Clinical occurrence: the most frequent case, besides the tampon (10 cases, i.e. 30%), was isolated pericardial effusion associated or not with an alteration of the global state (13 cases, i.e. 4%). The average quantity of liquid extracted was 600c c which provoked a kind of haemorrhage in 18 cases, i.e. 60%. Tuberculosis was the major aetiology: 15 cases e i 50% out of which 4 were HIV positive. Three additional surgical biopsies were carried out. Seven patients died. CCONCLUSION In addition to its diagnostic contribution, echo guided pericardiocentesis offers an alternative to endoscopy surgery.

[Clinical and psychopathological postpartum depression: eleven Senegalese cases report]. / Aspects cliniques et psychopathologiques de la dépression du postpartum: rapport d'une série de onze cas sénégalais.

INTRODUCTION: The postpartum depression is a frequent puerperium psychiatric disorder. The authors study the clinical, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of the postpartum depression among eleven Senegalese women. MATERIAL AND METHOD: They examined the medical reports and hospital registers of eleven patients belonging to a sample of 52 women presenting psychic disorders of the puerperality. The diagnosis was made by using the International Classification of the Diseases. RESULTS: The symptoms of depression were irritability, bad concentration, multiple somatic complaints, of insomnia of drowsiness, loss of the usual interests. All the patients profited from psychotherapy and have received chemotherapy with antidepressant treatment associated tranquillizing in six cases. They improved from 29 to 43 days after their admission. CONCLUSION: The pregnancy and the childbirth, the parity, personal history of the patient, their social environment and the cultural representations of maternity are factors of depression of the postpartum. The antidepressant is always essential in the treatment.

[Profile of patients admitted for myocardial infarction at the emergency reception facility of Principal Hospital in Dakar, Senegal]. / Profil des patients admis pour infarctus du myocarde au service d'accueil des urgences de l'Hopital Principal de Dakar.

This retrospective study was carried out from January 2005 to December 2006 to ascertain the profile of patients admitted for treatment of myocardial infarction (MI) in a modern emergency reception facility (ERF) in Sub-Saharan Africa. Diagnosis of MI was based on clinical presentation, electrocardiography (persistent ST-segment depression), and laboratory findings (measurement of troponine T and CPK MB). Study data included epidemiological parameters (including risk factors and interval between onset of symptoms and admission), clinical and paraclinical findings, therapeutic modalities (including any prehospital management), complications at the time of admission, and mortality within the first five days. Men accounted for 77% of the 52 consecutive patients hospitalized for MI during the study period. Mean age was 59 years. Risk factors included hypertension in 46% of cases, tobacco use in 40%, and diabetes in 21%. The mean interval for management was approximately 29 hours with only 5 patients receiving care within the first 6 hours. Chest pain was the main reason for coming to the ERF (86%). The location of pain was anterior in 58% of cases and inferior in 37%. Diagnosis was confirmed by laboratory findings in 96% of patients. Ten patients benefited from transportation by ambulance and four patients underwent thrombolysis before hospitalization. Complications at the time of admissions included cardiovascular collapse (n=3), acute pulmonary edema (n=13), and arrhythmia (n=6). Eleven patients (21%) died within the first five days. These findings confirm the need to educate the population in an effort to reduce the interval for management, to develop prehospital medical care, and to increase the availability of coronary artery revascularization modalities to improve the prognosis of MI in the acute phase.

[Diabetes mellitus in sub-Saharan Africa: epidemiological aspects and management issues]. / Le diabète sucré en Afrique subsaharienne aspects épidémiologiques, difficultés de prise en charge.

In contradiction with long-standing conventional wisdom that it is a rich country's disease, diabetes mellitus is increasingly a major concern in developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Care facilities have not kept pace with the sharp increase in diabetes mellitus. The WHO has predicted a worldwide rise in the prevalence of diabetes that is expected to affect 300 million people by 2025. This progression is more flagrant in developing countries particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. In these countries, the expansion of diabetes is part of a broader epidemiological transition from transmissible diseases to non-transmissible diseases. A number of factors are causing this transition including aging of the population, sedentary lifestyle, and obesity. Aside from obesity, arterial hypertension is the main cardiovascular risk factor associated with diabetes. Alone or in association with other risk factors, diabetes mellitus accounts for high morbidity especially due to cardiovascular and kidney complications. Management in sub-Saharan Africa faces a number of issues: poor understanding of the extent of the problem, high cost of medications, socio-economic setting that is poorly suited to maintaining a proper diabetic diet, and limitations in infrastructure and personnel. The rapid increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in sub-Saharan Africa is a serious challenge. There is an urgent need to obtain accurate figures about the extent of the pandemia as a basis for training an adequate number of health care personnel and implementing sufficient resources to allow local management. Meeting this challenge will require enhancement of the awareness and participation of all players involved in public health.

Aspects cliniques et psychopathologiques de la depression du postpartum : rapport d'une serie de onze cas senegalais

Introduction : La depression du post-partum occupe une place importante parmi les accidents psychiatriques de la puerperalite. Les auteurs rapportent les differents aspects cliniques; therapeutiques et evolutifs de la depression du post-partum dans une serie de onze cas senegalais. Materiel et methode : Il s'agit d'un travail mene a partir des observations medicales et des registres d'hospitalisation d'une serie de 11 patientes appartenant a un echantillon de 52 femmes presentant des troubles psychiques de la puerperalite. Le diagnostic a ete fait en utilisant la classification internationale des maladies. Resultats : Sur le plan clinique les symptomes de depression etaient constitues principalement d'irritabilite; de troubles de la concentration; de plaintes somatiques multiples; d'insomnie d'endormissement; de perte des interets habituels. Pour la prise en charge; toutes nos patientes ont beneficie d'une psychotherapie de soutien et d'un traitement antidepresseur; associes a un traitement tranquillisant dans six cas. L'evolution a ete favorable au bout de 29 a 43 jours d'hospitalisation. Conclusion : Le vecu de la grossesse et de l'accouchement; la parite; l'histoire personnelle de la patiente; son environnement et les representations culturelles de la maternite sont des facteurs de depression du postpartum. Le traitement antidepresseur est dans tous les cas indispensable

Profil des patients admis pour infarctus du myocarde au service d'accueil des urgences de l'hopital principal de Dakar

Les auteurs ont realise une etude retrospective de Janvier 2005 a Decembre 2006 sur le profil des patients admis pour infarctus du myocarde (IDM) dans un service d'accueil des urgences (SAU) moderne enAfrique subsaharienne. Le diagnostic d'IDM reposait sur la presentation clinique; l'electrocardiogramme (sus-decalage persistant du segment ST) et les parametres biologiques (mesure de la troponine T et de la CPK MB). Ont ete etudies les parametres epidemiologiques (incluant les facteurs de risque et le delai moyen symptomes-admission); cliniques et paracliniques; therapeutiques (incluant le cas echeant la prise en charge prehospitaliere); les complications a l'admission et la mortalite durant les cinq premiers jours. Sur 52 patients consecutifs hospitalises pour IDM; 77etaient des hommes. L'age moyen etait de 59 ans. Parmi les facteurs de risque; l'hypertension arterielle etait retrouvee dans 46des cas; le tabagisme dans 40des cas et le diabete dans 21des cas. Le delai moyen de consultation etait d'environ 29 heures; et seulement sept patients (19) ont ete vus dans les six premieres heures. La douleur thoracique etait le principal motif de consultation (86). La localisation etait anterieure dans 58des cas; et inferieure dans 37des cas. Une confirmation biologique du diagnostic a ete obtenue chez 96des patients. Dix patients ont beneficie d'un transport par ambulance et quatre patients ont ete traites par thrombolyse a la phase prehospitaliere. A l'admission; des complications a type de collapsus cardio-vasculaire (trois cas); d'oedeme aigu du poumon (13 cas) et de troubles du rythme (six cas) ont ete notees. Onze patients (21) sont decedes dans les cinq premiers jours. Cette etude confirme la necessite de promouvoir l'education sanitaire des populations afin d'essayer de reduire les delais de prise en charge; de developper les structures de medecine prehospitaliere; et plaide pour la diffusion des moyens de revascularisation coronaire pour ameliorer le pronostic de l'IDM a la phase aigue

Le diabete sucre en Afrique subsaharienne. Aspects epidemiologiques; difficultes de prise en charge

Contrairement a une vieille opinion considerant le diabete sucre comme une maladie des pays riches; cette affection constitue de plus en plus une preoccupation majeure dans les pays en developpement et particulierement en Afrique subsaharienne. On note une croissance galopante de sa prevalence alors que parallelement les structures sanitaires n'ont pas connu un developpement adapte. L'OMS prevoit une croissance mondiale de la prevalence du diabete; qui devrait atteindre 300 millions de malades en 2025. Cette evolution est plus nette dans les pays en developpement; et particulierement en Afrique subsaharienne. Dans ces pays; cette expansion s'inscrit dans une veritable transition epidemiologique des maladies transmissibles vers les maladies non transmissibles. Ce phenomene reconnait plusieurs causes dont le vieillissement de la population; la seden- tarite et l'obesite. En dehors de l'obesite; l'hypertension arterielle est le principal facteur de risque cardio-vasculaire associe au diabete. Seul ou associe aux autres facteurs de risque; le diabete sucre est responsable d'une lourde morbidite notamment cardio-vasculaire et renale. La prise en charge connait de nombreuses difficultes : une meconnaissance de l'ampleur du probleme; le cout desmedicaments; un contexte socio-economique peu propice au regime diabetique; des infrastructures et du personnel sani- taires insuffisants. La croissance rapide de la prevalence du diabete sucre enAfrique subsaharienne constitue une menace. Il est urgent de proceder a une evaluation chiffree de la pandemie diabetique; permettant la formation en nombre consequent de personnels sanitaires qualifies; et l'acquisition d'un equipement suffisant pour une prise en charge decentralisee. Ces conditions appellent la sensibilisation et la participation de tous les acteurs intervenant dans la sante publique

[Pulmonary arterial hypertension revealing pseudolymphoma associated with Sjogren's syndrome]. / Hypertension arterielle pulmonaire revelant un syndrome de Gougerot-Sjorgen primitif dans sa forme pseudolymphomateuse.

INTRODUCTION: The authors related a right heart failure related to a primitive pulmonary arterial hypertension without past medical. METHODS AND RESULTS: This diagnosis has been noticed on the cardiac catheterism as well as the cardiac echography (no shunt). Two years later systemic anomalies such as polyarthritis and salivary glands disease were noticed. The Biopsy revelated a primitive Gougerot-Sjorgen pseudolymphomas syndrom. CONCLUSION: Three years under conventional treatment were a failure as the evolution of the disease resulted to death.

[Preeclampsia: current aspects of physiopathology, clinic and treatment]. / Prééclampsie: physiopathologie, aspects cliniques et thérapeutiques actuels.

Preeclampsia complicating 3-5 % of all pregnancies in the world. Its origin is abnormal placentation around 12th week pregnancy. It associates hypertension and proteinuria appeared after 20th week pregnancy. Many risk factors with various mechanism of action have been identified (primigravida, younger age, twin pregnancy...). The main consequence of placental ischemia is generalized endothelial dysfunction responsible for clinical symptoms and complications (eclampsia, placental abruption, HELLP syndrome). It's an important cause of maternal death and is associated with increased risk of neonatal mortality, particularly in developing country. There is no consensus with regard to management particularly utilisation of drugs and break indication of pregnancy. Low dose aspirin is the only efficient preventive strategy in high-risk subjects. The therapeutic aspects are discussed as many in the benefit and the modalities of the antihypertensive treatment, as the indications of pregnancy interuption. Prevention is an up coming way but for the moment, only acetylsalicylic acid has proven its efficacity among the high risk patients.

[Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy in child. About two cases]. / Myocardiopathie hypertrophique obstructive du nourrison et de l'enfant. a propos de deux observations.

The authors report two cases of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy in young girls, age 3 months and 8 years old. The disease manifested itself as a cardiac heart failure in the infant's case and a syncop in the other case. Cardiac echocardiography showed in he first case asymetric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with ventricular outflow tract obstruction gradient of 100 mmhg, and concentric hypertrophic with 120 mmhg in the second case. Its evolution was fatal in both cases and led to sudden death at home. This disease is severe as no therapeutic treatment can modify its course.