Cessation-related information, motivation, and behavioral skills in smokers living with HIV.

There is a need for new, targeted smoking cessation interventions for smokers living with HIV. The Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) model has been applied effectively to HIV-related health behaviors and was used in this qualitative study to elicit factors that could lead to the development of innovative and successful cessation interventions for this population. Twenty individuals who smoked from two clinics providing care to people living with HIV participated in open-ended interviews, responding to questions covering the domains of the IMB model, as applied to smokers living with HIV. Participants were enrolled from a larger survey cohort to recruit into groups based on the impact of HIV diagnosis on smoking as well as attempting to enroll a mix of demographics characteristics. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, coded and thematically analyzed using a grounded theory qualitative approach. Interviews continued until thematic saturation was reached. Major themes included: Presence of knowledge deficits regarding HIV-specific health risks of smoking; use of smoking for emotional regulation, where many reported close contacts who smoke and concern with the effect of cessation on their social networks; Use of smoking cessation aids or a telephone-based wellness intervention were acceptable to most. Providing HIV-specific information in cessation advice is of the utmost importance for clinicians caring for smokers living with HIV, as this theme was noted consistently as a potential motivator to quit. Innovative and effective interventions must account for the social aspect of smoking and address other methods of emotional regulation in this population.

Perceptions and influences of a state prison smoking ban.

Prison smoking bans are increasingly common. It is important to consider how those who are incarcerated respond to these bans and to the subsequent development of contraband tobacco markets. Since there are high rates of smoking in individuals who become incarcerated, along with high rates of chronic illnesses that are exacerbated by smoking, it is critical to examine whether there are health promoting changes in perceptions of and intentions toward smoking and other health behaviors that can be maintained on release to the community. Interviews with incarcerated men experiencing a prison smoking ban revealed their responses to being smoke-free, reactions to the presence of contraband smoking, and the influences of this experience on their intentions to smoke following release.

Prevention needs of HIV-positive men and women awaiting release from prison.

Greater understanding of barriers to risk reduction among incarcerated HIV+ persons reentering the community is needed to inform culturally tailored interventions. This qualitative study elicited HIV prevention-related information, motivation and behavioral skills (IMB) needs of 30 incarcerated HIV+ men and women awaiting release from state prison. Unmet information needs included risk questions about viral loads, positive sexual partners, and transmission through casual contact. Social motivational barriers to risk reduction included partner perceptions that prison release increases sexual desirability, partners' negative condom attitudes, and HIV disclosure-related fears of rejection. Personal motivational barriers included depression and strong desires for sex or substance use upon release. Behavioral skills needs included initiating safer behaviors with partners with whom condoms had not been used prior to incarceration, disclosing HIV status, and acquiring clean needles or condoms upon release. Stigma and privacy concerns were prominent prison context barriers to delivering HIV prevention services during incarceration.

Prerelease intent predicts smoking behavior postrelease following a prison smoking ban.

INTRODUCTION: More than 2 million persons are incarcerated in the United States. Most are young minority men, soon to reenter the community. The majority are also lifelong smokers with high rates of health-related problems. As prisons implement smoking bans, it is not known whether health behavior change that is mandated, rather than selected, can be maintained. The Wisconsin Department of Corrections smoking ban is a unique opportunity to investigate determinants of smoking behavior after release from prison. METHODS: A convenience sample of 49 incarcerated men near release participated in two interviews (1-month prerelease, in prison, and 1-month postrelease via telephone). Descriptive analyses and multivariate modeling were conducted to determine associations with postrelease smoking. RESULTS: Participants had a mean age of 36.7 years, 12.4 years of education, and a 2.3-year incarceration; 47% were Black and 41% White. They had smoked 14.5 years. Most (67%) believed that their health was improved after the smoking ban. Paired t tests revealed decreases in Positive and Negative Affect Scale negative affect (p = .001) and Patient Health Questionnaire-8 depression (p = .009) postrelease. Univariate analysis showed correlations of intent to smoke upon release with smoking relapse postrelease (p = .001), White race with smoking relapse postrelease (p = .045), and perceived better health since the prison smoking ban with nonsmoking on release (p = .01). There was a trend toward use of alcohol with smoking relapse on release (p = .061). DISCUSSION: Prerelease smoking intention predicted postrelease behavior. Belief in improved health after the prison smoking ban correlated with nonsmoking on release. Targeted relapse prevention interventions are needed for people reentering the community.

Sorption of 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl and fluoranthene to a marine sediment amended with different types of black carbon.

Recent studies demonstrate that sedimentary black carbon (BC) affects the sorption of some hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) to a greater extent than sedimentary organic carbon (OC). Among HOC, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known to interact extensively with BC. Currently, data on the sorption of various kinds of HOCs to different types of BC are limited. In this study, we amended a marine sediment with BC from several different sources, humic acid, and inert sand. Equilibration studies with 14C fluoranthene and the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 3H 2,4'-dichlorinated biphenyl were performed to determine the magnitude of sorption as a function of contaminant and BC type. The magnitude of sorption to the BC-amended sediments was greater for the PAH than the PCB as compared to the sediment alone, humic acid, and sand. For example, differences between the log partition coefficient (K(P)) for the PAH and PCB ranged from 0.41 to 0.69 log units for humic acid and sand treatments, while differences ranged from 0.88 to 1.57 log units for the BC-amended sediments. As a result, BC-normalized partition coefficients (log K(BC)) for the PAH averaged 6.41, whereas the PCB log K(BC) values averaged 5.33. These results demonstrate that PAH sorption and most likely bioavailability are influenced strongly by the presence of BC of different types, while sorption of a nonplanar PCB was affected to a lesser degree.