Structural Investigations of Phthalazinone Derivatives as Allosteric Inhibitors of Human DNA Methyltransferase 3A.

The development of new therapeutics targeting enzymes involved in epigenetic pathways such as histone modification and DNA methylation has received a lot of attention, particularly for targeting diverse cancers. Unfortunately, irreversible nucleoside inhibitors (azacytidine and decitabine) have proven highly cytotoxic, and competitive inhibitors are also problematic. This work describes synthetic and structural investigations of a new class of allosteric DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) inhibitors, leading to the identification of several critical pharmacophores in the lead structure. Specifically, we find that the tetrazole and phthalazinone moieties are indispensable for the inhibitory activity of DNMT3A and elucidate other modifiable regions in the lead compound.

Nucleophilic Addition of 4,5-Dihydrooxazole Derivatives to Base Generated o-Quinone Methides: A Four-Component Reaction.

A novel method for joining four components together in a single pot leading to an assortment of N-amino-benzylated phenols is described. The method involves the addition of different Grignard reagents to various o-OBoc salicylaldehydes in the presence of assorted 4,5-dihydrooxazoles, followed by aqueous workup. Seventeen examples are presented with varied (-R, -R' -R″, -R‴, -R⁗, and Cn) substituents.

Anticardiolipin from Periodontitis Patients Impact Fetal Loss and Annexin V.

Anticardiolipin antibodies, found at elevated serum concentrations in 15% to 20% of individuals with periodontitis, are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, thrombotic conditions, and accelerated atherosclerosis in autoimmune disease such as the antiphospholipid syndrome. Our previous studies demonstrated that antibodies raised in mice against Porphyromonas gingivalis caused fetal loss in a mouse pregnancy model due to anticardiolipin antibodies. Such antibodies are induced via molecular mimicry with the serum protein ß2-glycoprotein 1 (ß2GP1), the target antigen of anticardiolipin. Furthermore, human anticardiolipin IgG is associated with increased serum markers of vascular inflammation, and IgG purified from periodontitis subjects with elevated anticardiolipin stimulates inflammatory cytokine production by endothelial cells and a trophoblastic cell line. Activation of the trophoblastic cells by anticardiolipin occurs through Toll-like receptor 4. In the present study, we observed that IgG anticardiolipin from periodontitis subjects also causes fetal loss in mice. Displacement of the protective 2-dimensional lattice formed by annexin V on trophoblast surfaces by anticardiolipin, via its interaction with its target antigen ß2GP1, leading to fibrin clot formation due to exposure of anionic phospholipids to plasma, is a plausible pathogenic mechanism explaining adverse obstetrical outcomes in antiphospholipid syndrome. Therefore, we assessed such interactions in periodontitis. We observed that anticardiolipin from periodontitis subjects competes for annexin V on an artificial phosphatidylserine monolayer, replicating a key activity of autoantibodies found in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. In addition, we found that anticardiolipin from periodontitis subjects increases annexin V levels on the BeWo choriocarcinoma cell line, consistent with mobilization of annexin V to the cell surface to facilitate repair following membrane damage. The data indicate that sera and IgG from periodontitis subjects with elevated anticardiolipin levels may influence pregnancy outcomes due to interactions with annexin V.

Nucleophilic Imines and Electrophilic o-Quinone Methides, a Three-Component Assembly of Assorted 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazines.

A one-pot method for joining three separate components leading to an assortment of N-substituted 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazines is described. The method involves the addition of a Grignard reagent to an o-OBoc salicylaldehyde in the presence of an imine. With a variety of components, 15 examples are presented, including the diastereoselective incorporation of chiral imines.

Synthetic Studies toward the Tetrapetalones: Diastereoselective Construction of a Putative Intermediate.

A strategy toward tetrapetalones was explored including a site-selective ethylenation of the silyl enol ether A to afford a quaternary stereocenter that serves in a stereogenic capacity. Regio- and diastereoselective reactions were observed in conjunction with the oxidative formation of cation B, which included subsequent selective formation of either carbon-oxygen or carbon-carbon bonds at the δ or ζ position on the seven-membered ring. The fourth ring was formed using a Stetter reaction.

Unified total syntheses of (-)-medicarpin, (-)-sophoracarpan†A, and (±)-kushecarpin†A with some structural revisions.

The total syntheses of medicarpin, sophoracarpan A, and kushecarpin A from a common intermediate are achieved by using ortho- and para-quinone methide chemistry. Additionally, the relative stereochemistry of sophoracarpan A and B have been reassigned.

The domestication of ortho-quinone methides.

CONSPECTUS: An ortho-quinone methide (o-QM) is a highly reactive chemical motif harnessed by nature for a variety of purposes. Given its extraordinary reactivity and biological importance, it is surprising how few applications within organic synthesis exist. We speculate that their widespread use has been slowed by the complications that surround the preparation of their precursors, the harsh generation methods, and the omission of this stratagem from computer databases due to its ephemeral nature. About a decade ago, we discovered a mild anionic triggering procedure to generate transitory o-QMs at low temperature from readily available salicylaldehydes, particularly OBoc derivatives. This novel reaction cascade included both the o-QM formation and the subsequent consumption reaction. The overall transformation was initiated by the addition of the organometallic reagent, usually a Grignard reagent, which resulted in the formation of a benzyloxy alkoxide. Boc migration from the neighboring phenol produced a magnesium phenoxide that we supposed underwent ß-elimination of the transferred Boc residue to form an o-QM for immediate further reactions. Moreover, the cascade proved controllable through careful manipulation of metallic and temperature levers so that it could be paused, stopped, or restarted at various intermediates and stages. This new level of domestication enabled us to deploy o-QMs for the first time in a range of applications including diastereocontrolled reactions. This sequence ultimately could be performed in either multipot or single pot processes. The subsequent reaction of the fleeting o-QM intermediates included the 1,4-conjugate additions that led to unbranched or branched ortho-alkyl substituted phenols and Diels-Alder reactions that provided 4-unsubstituted or 4-substituted benzopyrans and chroman ketals. The latter cycloadducts were obtained for the first time with outstanding diastereocontrol. In addition, the steric effects of the newly created stereocenters in subsequent reactions of chroman ketals and acetals were studied and proved predictable. Through the use of a chiral auxiliary, Diels-Alder products were deployed in numerous enantioselective reactions including several complex natural products syntheses. In this Account, we summarize our efforts, which we hope have contributed to the synthetic renaissance for this venerable species.

A general diastereoselective catalytic vinylogous aldol reaction among tetramic acid-derived pyrroles.

A catalytic diastereoselective aldol reaction has been developed for N1-arylated/C2-O-silylated/C3-methylated and brominated/C4-O-methylated pyrroles in its reactions with various aldehydes. Syn adducts emerge with regard to the vicinal nitrogen and oxygen heteroatom substituents. The N1-aryl residue undergoes oxidative cleavage, and the C3-bromine atom undergoes palladium-mediated coupling reactions, both without disturbing the newly created stereocenters.

Diels-Alder construction of regiodifferentiated meta-amino phenols and derivatives.

Synthetic access to regiodifferentiated meta-amino phenols is described. The strategy relies upon distinct deprotonation conditions to afford regioisomeric thermodynamic and kinetic dienes that undergo a tandem Diels-Alder and retro-Diels-Alder sequence with assorted acetylenic dienophiles to afford a range of aromatic products.

Mild construction of 3-methyl tetramic acids enabling a formal synthesis of palau'imide.

A general method to construct 3-methyl-4-O-methylated tetramic acids displaying a C-5 stereocenter is presented. The synthetic sequence employs a SmI(2)-mediated cyclization, whereby the chirality of the emerging tetramic acid core is retained from the starting chiral amino acid. Application to palau'imide is discussed.

Intramolecular condensation via an o-quinone methide: total synthesis of (±)-heliol.

An acid-catalyzed intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition of a non-natural bisabolene is reported. The key cyclocondensation was developed to access cyclic sesquiterpenes from linear phenolic precursors by generating a reactive o-quinone methide intermediate to initiate a cascade reaction. The new method was applied to the first total synthesis of (±)-heliol.

A new strategy for detection and development of tractable telomerase inhibitors.

Despite intense academic and industrial efforts and innumerable in vitro and cell studies, no small-molecule telomerase inhibitors have emerged as drugs. Insufficient understanding of enzyme structure and mechanisms of interdiction coupled with the substantial complexities presented by its dimeric composition have stalled all progress toward small-molecule therapeutics. Here we challenge the assumption that human telomerase provides the best platform for inhibitor development by probing a monomeric Tetrahymena telomerase with six tool compounds. We find BIBR-1532 (2) and MST-312 (5) inhibit only human telomerase, whereas ß-R (1), THyF (3), TMPyP4 (6), and EGCG (4) inhibit both enzymes. Our study demonstrates that some small-molecule scaffolds can be easily surveyed with in vitro studies using Tetrahymena telomerase, a finding that could lead to more tractable inhibitors with a greater potential for development given the more precise insights that can be gleaned from this more easily expressed and assayed monomeric enzyme.

The effect of biofilm permeability on bio-clogging of porous media.

A 3D Biofilm model, appropriate for complex porous media support structures, is successfully modified such that non-zero permeability of biofilms structures is enabled. A systematic study is then conducted into the influence of biofilm permeability on overall biomass growth rate. This reveals a significant influence at large biofilm concentrations; even when the permeability of the biomass is 1.25% of that of the free pore space, biomass accumulation increased by a factor of ∼3 over 40 h. The effect is shown to be retained when allowing for biomass detachment or erosion as a consequence of adjacent velocity shear. We conclude that biofilm permeability should be included in biofilm models and that further experimental work is required to better describe the link between biofilm permeability and local microstructure.

New strategies for natural products containing chroman spiroketals.

Two cycloaddition strategies are described that lead to various chroman spiroketals from assorted exocyclic enol ethers. Unlike conventional thermodynamic ketalization strategies, the stereochemical outcome for this approach is determined by a kinetic cycloaddition reaction. Thus, the stereochemical outcome reflects the olefin geometry of the starting materials along with the orientation of the associated transition state. However, the initial kinetic product can also be equilibrated by acid catalysis and reconstituted into a thermodynamic stereochemical arrangement. Thus, these strategies uniquely enable synthetic access to either the thermodynamic or kinetic conformation of the spiroketal stereocenter itself. Applications of these strategies in the syntheses of berkelic acid, ß-rubromycin, and paecilospirone are presented along with the use of a chroman spiroketal for the construction of heliespirones A and C.

Total syntheses of ent-heliespirones A and C.

Stereodivergent total syntheses of ent-heliespirone A and C were both completed in 11 vessels and ∼24% combined overall yield (A + C). These syntheses employed an identical inverse demand Diels-Alder reaction between a surrogate for an extendedly conjugated γ-δ unsaturated ortho-quinone methide and L-lactic-acid-derived exocyclic enol ether. Novel reactions of special note include a diastereoselective reduction of a chroman spiroketal by combination of borontrifluoride etherate and triethyl silane, along with oxidative rupture of a chroman etherial ring into the corresponding p-quinone by argentic oxide (AgO). In addition, an unusual intramolecular etherification of a 3° alcohol caused by cerium ammonium nitrate was observed.

Total synthesis and repudiation of the helianane family.

Total syntheses of two structures purported as (+)-heliananes were completed in six pots. Spectral comparisons, between the synthetic and natural compounds, revealed a misassignment of the eight-membered ring in the heliananes. The key step in the syntheses of the proposed structures and the confirmation of their actual structures was a diastereoselective inverse-demand Diels-Alder reaction between an optically active enol ether and an ortho-quinone methide species, which was generated in situ at low temperature by the sequential addition of methylmagnesium bromide and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate to a salicylaldehyde.

A convergent total synthesis of (±)-γ-rubromycin.

An expeditious convergent total synthesis affords (±)-γ-rubromycin (1) in 4.4% overall yield. The longest linear sequence is 12 steps from commercial starting materials. The effort highlights a remarkable late-stage oxidative [3 + 2] cycloaddition for construction of the spiroketal, a regioselective carbonyl methylenation, a boron tribromide promoted deprotection, ortho- to para- naphthoquinone spiroketal rearrangement, and a tautomerization sequence.

A strategy for the late-stage divergent syntheses of scyphostatin analogues.

This account details the synthesis of two scyphostatin analogues exhibiting a reactive polar epoxycyclohexenone core and various amide side chains outfitted for late-stage chemical derivatization into the desirable lipophilic tails. Our efforts highlight a key ipso-dearomatization process and provide new insights regarding the incompatibility and orthogonal reactivity of scyphostatin's functional groups. We further showcase the utility of resorcinol derived 2,5-cyclohexadienones as synthetic platforms capable of participating in selective chemical reactivity, and we further demonstrate their potential for rapid elaboration into complex structural motifs.

An oxidative dearomatization-induced [5 + 2] cascade enabling the syntheses of α-cedrene, α-pipitzol, and sec-cedrenol.

Efficient syntheses of α-cedrene (1), α-pipitzol (2), and sec-cedrenol (3) were carried out using a new method, which was inspired by the proposed biosynthesis of the tricyclic skeleton of cedrol (12). The key transformation begins with the oxidative dearomatization of curcuphenol (5a) followed by an intramolecular [5 + 2] cycloaddition of the respective phenoxonium intermediate across the tethered olefin. The benzylic stereocenter effectively guides the formation of the first two stereocenters during the [5 + 2] reaction. The cascade then terminates with the selective incorporation of acetic acid to generate a third stereocenter, setting it apart from other previous cationic [5 + 2] reactions. The phenolic precursors (5a-h) are constructed from readily available salicylaldehydes, either as the racemate (one pot) or as a specific enantiomer (four pots) by a modification to our method for the generation of ortho-quinone methides (o-QMs).

A diastereoselective formal synthesis of berkelic acid.

A formal synthesis of berkelic acid is reported. The strategy employs the combination of a chiral exocyclic enol ether and an achiral isochromanone to afford the chroman spiroketal core via a base-triggered generation and cycloaddition of an o-quinone methide intermediate. Other key steps include equilibration of the spiroketal, intramolecular benzylic oxidation, and lactone addition/hemiketal reduction; all occur with good diastereoselectivity.