History Teaches Us That Confronting Antibiotic Resistance Requires Stronger Global Collective Action.

Antibiotic development and usage, and antibiotic resistance in particular, are today considered global concerns, simultaneously mandating local and global perspectives and actions. Yet such global considerations have not always been part of antibiotic policy formation, and those who attempt to formulate a globally coordinated response to antibiotic resistance will need to confront a history of heterogeneous, often uncoordinated, and at times conflicting reform efforts, whose legacies remain apparent today. Historical analysis permits us to highlight such entrenched trends and processes, helping to frame contemporary efforts to improve access, conservation and innovation.

["What do physicians really read?" Medical journals and pharma-marketing between 1900 and the late 1970s]. / "Was lesen Arzte wirklich?". Medizinische Zeitschriften und Pharma-Marketing von 1900 bis zum Ende der 1970er Jahre.

Scientific Journals are widely used sources in the history science. First and foremost they are analyzed under the aspect of professionalization and the development of scientific topics. However, the impact of the increasing number of advertisements on the journals has been almost systematically excluded from historical analysis. The paper analyses the relations between pharma marketing and medical journals. However, the emphasis here is not so much on the development of print advertisements. Instead the paper uses sources, which were produced in the process of marketing to access the history of the medical scientific journal, its change and its reception by physicians.

[Between cooking pot and sick-bed. Dietetics in Germany, 1890-1980]. / Zwischen kochtopf und krankenbett. Diätassistentinnen in Deutschland 1890-1980.

The article analyses the development of the "dietary assistant" as a profession in Germany. It describes the major steps of its evolution and argues that this evolution mainly depended on two factors. First on the development of nutritional science and dietetics, when the physicians experienced the importance of well-prepared dishes and meals, but realised, that they did not have the practical skills to prepare suitable meals for people with metabolic disturbances. Second the evolution relied on the ambitions of young women, since the beginning of the 20th century, to achieve a qualified job. The German development is compared with that in other countries and the question is raised as to why German dietary assistants, unlike elsewhere, did not achieve the status of an academic discipline.

[Homoeopathy, a contentious issue: clinical experiments to support homeopathy in the military and in the Berlin Charité, 1820-1840]. / Konfliktfall homöopathie, die klinischen versuche zur prüfung des wertes der homöopathie beim militär und in der Berliner Charité 1820 bis 1840.

This article investigates a series of clinical trials undertaken at Berlin's Charité hospital between 1820 and 1840. Part of the administrative practices associated with Prussian medical policy, these trials were used to decide whether a new method resulted in better, faster or less costly cures. The article demonstrates that the hopes of homopaths that these trials would clearly demonstrate the superiority of their relatively new method were not fulfilled. The essay investigates the role of the medical experts; medical claims and arguments; the areas of dispute and agreement in academic and homeopathic medical communities; and the role of public opinion and censorship laws.