Disseminated Rasamsonia argillacea complex infection presenting as intraventricular brain hemorrhage in a German shepherd dog in Australia.

A German Shepherd Dog diagnosed with Rasamsonia argillacea based on fungal culture and DNA sequencing, is the first documented case in Australia, and the Southern Hemisphere. This species is part of R. argillacea complex, which is an emerging concern in immunocompromised human and veterinary patients. Intraventricular brain hemorrhage, noted on MRI, has not been reported previously in a dog with fungal encephalitis. The patient was euthanized due to progression of clinical signs before a final diagnosis was made, so no treatment was attempted in this case.

Selenium intakes and plasma selenium of New Zealand toddlers: secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial.

Little is known about Se intakes and status in very young New Zealand children. However, Se intakes below recommendations and lower Se status compared with international studies have been reported in New Zealand (particularly South Island) adults. The Baby-Led Introduction to SolidS (BLISS) randomised controlled trial compared a modified version of baby-led weaning (infants feed themselves rather than being spoon-fed), with traditional spoon-feeding (Control). Weighed 3-d diet records were collected and plasma Se concentration measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In total, 101 (BLISS n 50, Control n 51) 12-month-old toddlers provided complete data. The OR of Se intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR) was no different between BLISS and Control (OR: 0·89; 95 % CI 0·39, 2·03), and there was no difference in mean plasma Se concentration between groups (0·04 µmol/l; 95 % CI -0·03, 0·11). In an adjusted model, consuming breast milk was associated with lower plasma Se concentrations (-0·12 µmol/l; 95 % CI -0·19, -0·04). Of the food groups other than infant milk (breast milk or infant formula), 'breads and cereals' contributed the most to Se intakes (12 % of intake). In conclusion, Se intakes and plasma Se concentrations of 12-month-old New Zealand toddlers were no different between those who had followed a baby-led approach to complementary feeding and those who followed traditional spoon-feeding. However, more than half of toddlers had Se intakes below the EAR.

Assessment of clinical outcomes associated with mercury concentrations in harbor seal pups (Phoca vitulina richardii) in central California.

Monomethyl mercury (MeHg+) from the diet can cause mild to severe neurotoxicosis in fish-eating mammals. Chronic and low-level in utero exposure also can be neurotoxic, as documented in laboratory animal studies and epidemiologic investigations. In free-ranging animals, it is challenging to study low-level exposure related neurotoxicosis, and few studies have investigated the relationship between mercury (Hg) and adverse outcomes in wild populations. Relative to Hg concentrations on admission we evaluated different types of behaviors for 267 Pacific harbor seal (HS; Phoca vitulina richardii) pups at The Marine Mammal Center from 2015 to 2019 during rehabilitation after stranding and maternal separation. Admitted HS pups underwent a clinical exam; including sex and weight determination, and hair (partly lanugo grown in utero) and blood samples were collected for total Hg concentration ([THg]) determination. All pups were monitored weekly (behavior assessments included response to tactile stimulation, movement, swimming, interactions with other seals, hand feeding, and feeding independently), and days in rehabilitation and survival were recorded. There was a significant negative correlation between [THg] and responses to tactile stimulation and movements, measured in both hair and whole blood (p < 0.05). This relationship was found both during the intensive care unit (ICU) stage, and during the pool stage of rehabilitation. Additionally, there was a significant association between greater [THg] and number of days spent in rehabilitation, although there was no relationship between [THg] and survival. There was a significant sex difference, with greater [THg] in female pups, which contrasts with previously published findings in juvenile and adult harbor seals. Our findings support small, but significant associations between gestational THg exposure and clinical effects for tactile sensory response and movement, and longer rehabilitation durations for HS pups, although there was considerable variability among animals.

Evaluation of cell-free DNA as a diagnostic marker in cerebrospinal fluid of dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether cell-free DNA (cfDNA) was detectable in CSF samples from dogs, whether CSF sample volume impacted CSF cfDNA concentration measurement, and whether CSF cfDNA concentration was associated with CNS disease category or CSF RBC count (RBCC), nucleated cell count (NCC), or protein concentration, which could aid in the diagnosis of neurologic diseases in dogs. SAMPLE: 80 CSF samples collected from dogs with (n = 60) and without (20) clinical neurologic disease between February 2017 and May 2018. PROCEDURES: Results for CSF RBCC, NCC, protein concentration, and cfDNA concentration were compared across CSF groups established on the basis of whether they were obtained from dogs with (case groups) or without (control group) clinical signs of neurologic disease In addition, 5 paired CSF samples representing large (3.0-mL) and small (0.5-mL) volumes, were used to evaluate whether sample volume impacted measurement of CSF cfDNA concentration. RESULTS: cfDNA was detected in 76 of the 80 (95%) CSF samples used to evaluate parameters across disease categories and in all 5 of the paired samples used to evaluate whether sample volume impacted cfDNA quantification. There were no substantial differences in cfDNA concentrations identified between groups (on the basis of disease category or sample volume), and the CSF cfDNA concentration did not meaningfully correlate with CSF RBCC, NCC, or protein concentration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although results indicated that the CSF cfDNA concentration could not be used to differentiate between categories of neurologic disease in dogs of the the present study, further investigation is warranted regarding the use of CSF analysis, including sequencing specific cfDNA mutations, for diagnosing and monitoring neurologic disease in dogs.

A Durable Minimal Intervention Strategy to Reduce Benzodiazepine Use in a Primary Care Population.

BACKGROUND: Benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed drugs with approximately 10% of adults having used them in the past year. These drugs are clearly addictive, yet many patients are prescribed these for years, with long-term side effects. The present study aimed to investigate whether patients on repeat diazepam prescription had their prescription reviewed to reduce and to stop the repeat prescription wherever appropriate, and whether these changes were sustained at 24 months. METHODS: The present study used a minimal intervention strategy to reduce diazepam use in a semi-rural general practice. Patients with a current prescription for diazepam were invited to visit their general practitioner for a review. Dose reduction grids were formulated for each individual to facilitate a downward titration by 1 mg each wk/ mo. Patients with psychiatric co-morbidity were also included. Interrupted time series methods were applied to the monthly data. The outcomes were evaluated at 12 and 24 months. RESULTS: Ninety-two patients had diazepam on repeat prescription with 87 (94.6%) attending the review appointment. Twenty-seven patients (29.3%) were under psychiatric review and were supported by the psychiatrist with a downward titration regime. At 24 months, 63 patients (81.8% of the 77 still at the practice) had stopped or were in the process of stopping regular use of diazepam. A statistically significant reduction in total monthly diazepam prescription was observed (from 2.2 to 0.7 defined daily dose/1,000 patients/d). CONCLUSION: This minimal intervention strategy, in collaboration between primary and secondary care, produced a durable reduction in overall diazepam prescription at the general practice.

Serum Zinc Is a Major Predictor of Anemia and Mediates the Effect of Selenium on Hemoglobin in School-Aged Children in a Nationally Representative Survey in New Zealand.

BACKGROUND: Zinc, selenium, and vitamin D status of New Zealand (NZ) school-aged children was examined in a national survey in 2002. To our knowledge, however, the role of these micronutrients as predictors of hemoglobin has not been explored despite plausible mechanisms for such relations. OBJECTIVE: We examined the relations of iron, zinc, selenium, and vitamin D status with hemoglobin and anemia in children of New Zealand European and other (NZEO) ethnicity enrolled in the 2002 Children's Nutrition Survey and explored whether zinc mediated the relation between selenium and hemoglobin. METHODS: Multivariate regression was performed to examine the relations of serum micronutrient biomarkers, acute inflammation, socioeconomic status, and body mass index (BMI) with hemoglobin and anemia of NZEO children aged 5-15 y (n = 503). A mediation analysis also investigated direct and indirect (through zinc) relations between selenium and hemoglobin. RESULTS: In total, 4.6% of the children were anemic, 3.2% had depleted iron stores, and none had iron deficiency anemia. The prevalence of low serum zinc (<8.7-10.1 µmol/L depending on age and sex), selenium (<0.82 µmol/L), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (<50 nmol/L) was 14.1%, 22.9%, and 48.5%, respectively. Major predictors of hemoglobin were serum zinc, age, and BMI-for-age z score (P < 0.001); log ferritin and being female were also statistically significant (P < 0.05). Selenium had an indirect effect that was mediated by zinc, with a significant effect of selenium on zinc (P = 0.002) and zinc on hemoglobin (P < 0.001). Zinc was the only variable associated with anemia risk (OR: 5.49; 95% CI: 1.95, 15.46). CONCLUSIONS: Low serum zinc was an independent risk factor for anemia in NZEO school-aged children and mediated the effect of low selenium on hemoglobin. These findings emphasize the importance of considering multiple micronutrient deficiencies in addition to iron when interpreting anemia and of appreciating the mechanistic interactions that underlie these associations.

Iodine Status of New Zealand Elderly Residents in Long-Term Residential Care.

In response to the re-emergence of iodine deficiency in New Zealand, in 2009 the government mandated that all commercially made breads be fortified with iodized salt. There has been no evaluation of the impact of the program on iodine status of the elderly, despite this population group being vulnerable to iodine deficiency or excess. The aim of this study was to describe the iodine status of elderly New Zealanders in residential aged-care homes following the implementation of the bread fortification program. A cross-sectional survey was conducted, involving 309 residents (median age 85 years) from 16 aged-care homes throughout NZ. Information on socio-demographic, anthropometric, dietary and health characteristics were collected. Casual spot urine samples were analysed for urinary iodine concentration (UIC). Blood samples were analysed for serum thyroglobulin, thyroglobulin antibodies, and other biochemical indices. The median UIC (MUIC) of the residents was 72 µg/L, indicating mild iodine deficiency, and 29% had a UIC < 50 µg/L. Median thyroglobulin concentration was 18 ng/mL and 26% had elevated thyroglobulin concentration (>40 ng/mL), suggesting iodine insufficiency. Diuretic use was associated with lower MUIC (p = 0.043). Synthetic thyroxine use was associated with lower odds of having a UIC < 50 µg/L (OR 0.32, p = 0.030)) and lower median thyroglobulin (-15.2 ng/mL, p = 0.001), compared with untreated participants. Frailty was associated with elevated thyroglobulin (p = 0.029), whereas anemia was associated with lower thyroglobulin (p = 0.016). Iodine insufficiency persists in New Zealanders residing in residential aged-care homes despite increasing iodine intake from fortified bread. Research is required to establish optimal iodine intake and status in the elderly.

Effects of anemia at different stages of gestation on infant outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: Maternal anemia is a public health challenge worldwide. The present study aims to explore the effects of maternal anemia at different stages of gestation on postnatal growth and neurobehavioral development in infants. METHODS: A cohort of pregnant Indian women were followed from 13 to 22 wk gestation (i.e., second trimester; n = 211), 29 to 42 wk gestation (i.e., third trimester; n = 178); their infants were followed to ∼3 wk (n = 147) postpartum. Data collected included information on sociodemographic and health-related factors, including anemia (i.e., low hemoglobin status), maternal and infant anthropometric data, and infant neurobehavioral data. A mixed logistic regression model was used to examine the impact of anemia during pregnancy on maternal and infant outcomes (i.e., anthropometric growth parameters and infant neurobehavioral development). RESULTS: The prevalence of maternal anemia was 41% and 55% (P < 0.001), and iron deficiency anemia was 3.6% and 5.6%, respectively, in the second trimester and third trimester. Infants of pregnant women who were not anemic in the second trimester were 0.26 standard deviations (SD) heavier (P = 0.029), 0.50 SD taller (P = 0.001), and had 0.26 SD larger head circumference (P = 0.029) compared with infants of anemic pregnant women. Infants of pregnant women who were not anemic in the third trimester had orientation scores 3.88 higher (P = 0.004) than infants of women who were anemic. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that maternal anemia in the second trimester of gestation influences postnatal infant growth and underscores the necessity of alleviating anemia in young women in the early stages of gestation.

Dietary and non-dietary factors associated with serum zinc in Indian women.

Women in low-income settings, common in India, are at risk of inadequate zinc intake due to poor diet quality and low consumption of flesh foods rich in zinc. The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of zinc status of non-pregnant rural and tribal women living in central India and to identify dietary and non-dietary factors associated with the biochemical zinc status of these women. Rural and tribal non-pregnant women 18-30 years of age were selected using proportion to population sampling near Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. Sociodemographic, biochemical (serum zinc), clinical, and dietary data (1-day interactive 24-h recall) were collected. The mean age of women (n = 109; rural = 52; tribal = 56) was 23.2 years and mean BMI was 17.9 kg/m(2). The majority of the participants identified as being non-vegetarian (72 %). The mean ± SD serum zinc concentration was 10.8 ± 1.6 µmol/L, and 52 % of participants had a low serum zinc concentration according to the International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG). The median (first and third quartile) energy, zinc intake, and phytate/zinc molar ratio was 5.4 (4.2, 6.7) MJ/day, 5.3 (3.8, 7.0) mg/day, and 26 (22, 28), respectively. Zinc intakes were well below IZiNCG recommendations for dietary zinc of 9 mg/day for non-pregnant women aged 14-18 years and 7 mg/day for non-pregnant women aged ≥ 19 years. Using linear regression analysis to identify non-dietary and dietary factors associated with serum zinc, a significant association was only found for current lactation (p = 0.012) and energy intake (p < 0.001). Diets low in energy with poor bioavailability of dietary zinc are likely to be the primary cause of the high proportion of Indian women with zinc deficiency.

Iron status of pregnant Indian women from an area of active iron supplementation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the iron status of pregnant tribal women from Ramtek, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India using a combination of indices. METHODS: A community-based observational study was conducted to assess iron status using a convenience sample of pregnant Indian tribal women from Ramtek. Pregnant women were recruited at 13 to 22 wk gestation (first visit; n = 211) and followed to 29 to 42 wk gestation (second visit; n = 177) of pregnancy. Sociodemographic and anthropometric data; iron supplement intake; and blood samples for estimating hemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin (SF), soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were obtained. RESULTS: The mean (SD) Hb concentration at recruitment was 106 (15) g/L and 106 (14) g/L at the second visit; 41% of the women at recruitment and 55% at second visit were anemic (14% higher, P < 0.001). No women at recruitment and 3.7% at second visit had SF concentration < 15 ng/mL; and 3.3% at recruitment and 3.9% at the second visit had sTfR > 4.4 ng/mL (0.6% higher, P = 0.179). Almost 62% and 71% of pregnant women used iron supplements at both visits, respectively. Iron supplement intake > 7 d in the preceding month improved the Hb concentration by 3.23 g/L and reduced sTfR concentration by 13%; women who were breastfeeding at the time of recruitment had 11% higher SF concentration. CONCLUSIONS: The iron indices suggest that pregnant tribal women of central India, although anemic, had good iron status. Use of iron supplements > 7 d in the preceding month improved iron status; however, non-iron-deficiency anemia persisted in this group.

Influence of the glutathione peroxidase 1 Pro200Leu polymorphism on the response of glutathione peroxidase activity to selenium supplementation: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: A genetic variant at codon 200 (Pro200Leu) of the gene encoding for glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), a selenium-dependent enzyme, is associated with lower enzyme activity; however, the evidence is limited to in vitro and observational studies. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine whether the GPx1 Pro200Leu genetic variants modify the response of whole-blood glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity to selenium supplementation in patients with coronary artery disease in New Zealand. DESIGN: The results from 2 parallel-design, double-blind trials were combined. Participants were randomly assigned to receive a daily supplement of 100 µg Se as l-selenomethionine (n = 129) or placebo (n = 126) for 12 wk. Plasma selenium and whole-blood GPx activity were measured at baseline and at week 12. Participants were genotyped for the GPx1 Pro200Leu polymorphism. RESULTS: Selenium supplementation increased whole-blood GPx activity by 5 (95% CI: 4, 7) U/g hemoglobin (P < 0.001); however, the magnitude of the increase did not differ by genotype (P = 0.165 for treatment-by-genotype interaction). In an exploratory analysis, a significant nutrient-gene interaction was apparent when baseline plasma selenium concentrations were included in the regression model (P = 0.006 for treatment-by-genotype × baseline selenium concentration interaction). Increases in GPx activity were 2-fold higher in Pro homozygotes than in participants carrying a Leu allele when baseline selenium concentrations were ≤1.15 µmol/L (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that GPx1 Pro200Leu variants do not substantially modify the response of whole-blood GPx to selenium supplementation in individuals with relatively high plasma selenium concentrations. A nutrient-gene interaction was observed when the baseline selenium concentration was low, but this requires independent confirmation. This trial was registered at www.actr.org.au as ACTRN12605000412639 and ACTRN12606000197538.

A comprehensive assessment of urinary iodine concentration and thyroid hormones in New Zealand schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Insufficient iodine in children's diets is of concern because thyroid hormones are needed for normal growth and development, particularly of the brain. This study aimed to carry out a comprehensive assessment of the iodine status of New Zealand schoolchildren using a range of biochemical indices suitable for populations (i.e. urinary iodine concentration) and individuals (i.e. thyroid hormones). METHODS: The New Zealand National Children's Nutrition Survey was a cross-‒sectional survey of a representative sample of schoolchildren aged 5-‒14 years. Children were asked to provide a casual urine sample for the determination of urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and a blood sample for the determination of thyroglobulin (Tg), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4) and free triiodothyronine (fT3). RESULTS: The median UIC was 68 µg/L (n = 1153), which falls between 50-‒99 µg/L indicative of mild iodine deficiency. Furthermore, 29% of children had an UIC <50 µg/L and 82% had an UIC <100 µg/L. The median Tg concentration was 12.9 µg/L, which also falls between 10.0-‒19.9 µg/L indicative of mild iodine deficiency. The Tg concentration of children with an UIC <100 µg/L was 13.9 µg/L, higher than the 10.3 µg/L in children with an UIC >100 µg/L (P = 0.001). The mean TSH (1.7 mU/L), fT4 (14.9 pmol/L), and fT3 (6.0 pmol/L) concentrations for these mildly iodine deficient New Zealand children fell within normal reference ranges. CONCLUSIONS: The UIC and Tg concentration indicate that New Zealand schoolchildren were mildly iodine deficient according to WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD, and both are suitable indices to assess iodine status in populations or groups. The normal concentrations of TSH, fT4 and fT3 of these children suggest that these thyroid hormones are not useful indices of mild iodine deficiency.

Changes in markers of inflammation, antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress in smokers following consumption of milk, and milk supplemented with fruit and vegetable extracts and vitamin C.

Two milk-based beverages delivering twice the average daily antioxidant intake were formulated, based on synergistic combinations of fruit and vegetable extracts, and containing vitamin C (1.00 mg/ml) for shelf stability. Smokers (n = 42) consumed prototype milk A, B or non-supplemented milk (no extracts or vitamin C; 200 ml) twice daily for 6 weeks. Fasting and post-prandial (2 h after milk consumption) blood samples were collected at baseline and the end of each treatment. Non-supplemented milk significantly reduced fasting inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL) 6, IL-1ß, tumour necrosis factor-α) compared to baseline. Both supplemented milk-based beverages significantly increased fasting plasma vitamin C concentrations and antioxidant potential and decreased serum uric acid, compared to non-supplemented milk. The beverages did not induce post-prandial oxidative stress or inflammation. Therefore, regular consumption of the supplemented milks may confer health benefits because of increased antioxidant potential or through mechanisms resulting from increased vitamin C or decreased uric acid concentrations.

Plasma selenium concentrations in pregnant women in two countries with contrasting soil selenium levels.

PROJECT: Selenium has an important role in antioxidant defense and cell mediated immunity. Plasma selenium is a useful biomarker for comparing selenium status across populations, and influenced by selenium levels of soils and plants. PROCEDURE: This cross-sectional study compared plasma selenium (by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry) of women at 24 weeks gestation in Malawi (n=152) and the Philippines (n=301), countries with low and high soil selenium levels, respectively. Data on anthropometry, smoking, intakes of energy, nutrients and food groups (via 24-h recalls), hemoglobin, serum zinc, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were also collected. RESULTS: Mean (95% CI) plasma selenium was lower for Malawian than Filipino women (0.79, 0.77, 0.82 µmol/L vs. 1.44, 1.41, 1.47 µmol/L; p<0.001); 83% had concentrations below 1.0 µmol/L compared to 3% in the Filipinos. Cereals provided 78% and 67% of the energy in Malawi and the Philippines, respectively compared to 4% and 8.5%, respectively for cellular animal protein. Plasma selenium was correlated modestly with BMI (r=-0.138; p=0.096) and elevated CRP (>5.0 mg/L) (r=-0.143; p=0.084) in Malawi, and significantly with intake of cellular animal protein (g/d) (r=0.23; p=0.020) and serum zinc (r=0.13; p=0.044) in the Philippines. No comparable relationships were observed in either group for smoking, hemoglobin, or cereal intakes. CONCLUSION: Differences in plasma selenium paralleled reported trends in selenium concentrations in soils and staple cereals in Malawi and the Philippines. The biological significance of the lower plasma selenium for the Malawian women, and the extent to which they pose a risk for fetal and neonatal development, is uncertain.

The effect of maternal iodine status on infant outcomes in an iodine-deficient Indian population.

BACKGROUND: An adequate intake of iodine during pregnancy is essential for the synthesis of maternal thyroid hormones needed to support normal fetal development. This study aimed to assess the iodine status of pregnant tribal Indian women and their infants and to determine the impact of maternal iodine status on infant growth and behavior. METHODS: A prospective, observational study was undertaken to assess the iodine status of tribal pregnant Indian women living in Ramtek, northeast of Nagpur, India. Pregnant women were recruited at 13-22 weeks gestation (n=220), visited a second time at 33-37 weeks gestation (n=183), and again visited at 2-4 weeks postpartum with their infants. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, and biochemical data, including household salt, blood, and urine samples were obtained from pregnant women. Urine samples, anthropometric, and neonatal behavioral data were collected from infants. RESULTS: The median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) at recruitment (mean gestation=17.5 weeks) of mothers was 106 µg/L, which declined to 71 µg/L at the second visit (mean gestation=34.5 weeks) similar to the postpartum MUIC of 69 µg/L, indicating that these women were iodine deficient. Infant (mean age=2.5 weeks) MUIC was 168 µg/L. Median maternal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT(4)) concentrations at first and second visits were 1.71 and 1.79 mIU/L and 14.4 and 15.4 pmol/L, respectively; 20.0% of women at first visit had TSH >97.5th percentile and 1.4% had FT(4) <2.5th percentile. Salt iodine concentration was a significant predictor of maternal UIC (p<0.001), and postpartum maternal UIC was a significant predictor of infant UIC (p<0.001). For every pmol/L increase in maternal FT(4) concentration at first visit, both infant weight-for-age Z-score and length-for-age Z-score increased by 0.05 units. There was no relationship between maternal UIC, FT(4), or TSH at first visit and neonatal behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Despite three quarters of the women in this study having access to adequately iodized salt (i.e., >15 ppm), these pregnant tribal Indian women were iodine deficient. Increasing the iodine content of salt deemed adequately iodized and iodine supplementation are two strategies that might improve the iodine status of these pregnant women and, consequently, the growth of their infants.

Functional duality of astrocytes in myelination.

Astrocytes undergo major phenotypic changes in response to injury and disease that directly influence repair in the CNS, but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Previously, we have shown that neurosphere-derived rat astrocytes plated on poly-L-lysine (PLL-astrocytes) support myelination in dissociated rat spinal cord cultures (myelinating cultures). It is hypothesized that astrocyte reactivity can affect myelination, so we have exploited this culture system to ascertain how two distinct astrocyte phenotypes influence myelination. Astrocytes plated on tenascin C (TnC-astrocytes), a method to induce quiescence, resulted in less myelinated fibers in the myelinating cultures when compared with PLL-astrocytes. In contrast, treatment of myelinating cultures plated on PLL-astrocytes with ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), a cytokine known to induce an activated astrocyte phenotype, promoted myelination. CNTF could also reverse the effect of quiescent astrocytes on myelination. A combination of microarray gene expression analysis and quantitative real-time PCR identified CXCL10 as a potential candidate for the reduction in myelination in cultures on TnC-astrocytes. The effect of TnC-astrocytes on myelination was eliminated by neutralizing CXCL10 antibodies. Conversely, CXCL10 protein inhibited myelination on PLL-astrocytes. Furthermore, CXCL10 treatment of purified oligodendrocyte precursor cells did not affect proliferation, differentiation, or process extension compared with untreated controls, suggesting a role in glial/axonal ensheathment. These data demonstrate a direct correlation of astrocyte phenotypes with their ability to support myelination. This observation has important implications with respect to the development of therapeutic strategies to promote CNS remyelination in demyelinating diseases.

Minimal impact of excess iodate intake on thyroid hormones and selenium status in older New Zealanders.

OBJECTIVE: Iodine deficiency has re-emerged in New Zealand, while selenium status has improved. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of excess iodine intake as iodate on thyroid and selenium status. METHODS: In a randomized controlled trial on older people (mean±s.d. 73±4.8 years; n=143), two groups received >50  mg iodine as iodate/day for 8 weeks because of supplement formulation error, either with 100  µg selenium (Se+highI) or without selenium (highI). Four other groups received 80  µg iodine as iodate/day with selenium (Se+lowI) or without selenium (lowI), selenium alone (Se+), or placebo. Thyroid hormones, selenium status, and median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) were compared at weeks 0, 8, and 4 weeks post-supplementation. RESULTS: MUIC increased nine- and six-fold in Se+highI and highI groups, decreasing to baseline by week 12. Plasma selenium increased in selenium-supplemented groups (P<0.001). The level of increase in whole blood glutathione peroxidase (WBGPx) in the Se+highI group was smaller than Se+ (P=0.020) and Se+lowI (P=0.007) groups. The decrease in WBGPX in the highI group was greater than other non-selenium-supplemented groups, but differences were not significant. Ten of 43 participants exposed to excess iodate showed elevated TSH (hypothyroidism) at week 8. In all but two, TSH had returned to normal by week 12. In three participants, TSH decreased to <0.10  mIU/l (hyperthyroidism) at week 8, remaining low at week 12. CONCLUSIONS: Excess iodate induced hypothyroidism in some participants and hyperthyroidism in others. Most abnormalities disappeared after 4 weeks. Excess iodate reduced WBGPx activity and resulted in smaller increases in WBGPx after selenium supplementation.

Are pregnant women in New Zealand iodine deficient? A cross-sectional survey.

Severe iodine deficiency in pregnancy can result in cretinism. There is growing concern that less severe iodine deficiency may also affect fetal growth and development. A handful of prior small New Zealand studies focussed on pregnant women living in Dunedin. This study utilised biochemical, clinical and dietary indices to assess iodine status of 170 women living throughout New Zealand. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of the women was 38 µg/L, well below the 150 µg/L cut-off value that indicates adequate iodine status; 7% of women had goitre. Not surprisingly, iodine intake was also low at 48 µg/day. The majority of women had TSH and FT4 concentrations within pregnant reference ranges, suggesting that despite the low UIC observed in these women, thyroid hormone production appeared unaffected.

Consumption of salmon v. salmon oil capsules: effects on n-3 PUFA and selenium status.

Salmon provides long-chain (LC) n-3 PUFA and Se, which are well recognised for their health benefits. The n-3 and Se status of the New Zealand population is marginal. The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of consuming salmon v. supplementation with salmon oil on LC n-3 and Se status. Healthy volunteers (n 44) were randomly assigned to one of four groups consuming 2 × 120 g servings of salmon/week or 2, 4 or 6 salmon oil capsules/d for 8 weeks. Linear regression analysis predictive models were fitted to the capsule data to predict changes in erythrocyte LC n-3 levels with intakes of LC n-3 from capsules in amounts equivalent to that consumed from salmon. Changes in Se status (plasma Se and whole-blood glutathione peroxidase) were compared between the groups consuming salmon and capsules (three groups combined). Salmon, 2, 4 and 6 capsules provided 0·82, 0·24, 0·47 and 0·69 g/d of LC n-3 fatty acids. Salmon provided 7 µg/d and capsules < 0·02 µg/d of Se. The predictive model (r(2) 0·31, P = 0·001) showed that increases in erythrocyte LC n-3 levels were similar when intakes of 0·82 g/d LC n-3 from salmon or capsules (1·92 (95 % CI 1·35, 2·49) v. 2·32 (95 % 1·76, 2·88) %) were consumed. Plasma Se increased significantly more with salmon than with capsules (12·2 (95 % CI 6·18, 18·12) v. 1·57 (95 % CI - 2·32, 5·45) µg/l, P = 0·01). LC n-3 status was similarly improved with consumption of salmon and capsules, while consuming salmon had the added benefit of increasing Se status. This is of particular relevance to the New Zealand population that has marginal LC n-3 and Se status.

Metabolism of L-selenomethionine and selenite by probiotic bacteria: in vitro and in vivo studies.

Since selenium supplements have been shown to undergo biotransformation in the gut, probiotic treatment in combination with selenium supplements may change selenium disposition. We investigated the metabolism of L-selenomethionine (SeMet) and selenite by probiotic bacteria in vitro and the disposition of selenium after probiotic treatment followed by oral dosing with SeMet and selenite in rats. When SeMet was incubated anaerobically with individual antibiotic-resistant probiotic strains (Streptococcus salivarius K12, Lactobacillus rhamnosus 67B, Lactobacillus acidophilus L10, and Bifidobacterium lactis LAFTI® B94) at 37°C for 24 h, 11-18% was metabolized with 44-80% of SeMet lost being converted to dimethyldiselenide (DMDSe) and dimethylselenide (DMSe). In similar incubations with selenite, metabolism was more extensive (26-100%) particularly by the lactobacilli with 0-4.8% of selenite lost being converted to DMSe and DMDSe accompanied by the formation of elemental selenium. Four groups of rats (n = 5/group) received a single oral dose of either SeMet or selenite (2 mg selenium/kg) at the time of the last dose of a probiotic mixture or its vehicle (lyoprotectant mixture used to maintain cell viability) administered every 12 h for 3 days. Another three groups of rats (n = 3/group) received a single oral dose of saline or SeMet or selenite at the same dose (untreated rats). Serum selenium concentrations over the subsequent 24 h were not significantly different between probiotic and vehicle treated rats but appeared to be more sustained (SeMet) or higher (selenite) than in the corresponding groups of untreated rats. Probiotic treated rats given SeMet also had selenium concentrations at 24 h that were significantly higher in liver and lower in kidney than untreated rats given SeMet. Thus, treatment with probiotics followed by SeMet significantly affects tissue levels of selenium.