ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this scoping review was to examine resilience and resilient pain behaviors for those with CLBP in relation to resilience definitions, operationalization (e.g. trait or behavior), and application of theoretical frameworks. DESIGN: This scoping review examined resilience and resilient pain behaviors for those with CLBP in relation to resilience definitions, operationalization (e.g. trait or behavior), and application of theoretical frameworks. DATA SOURCES: To gather data, we used five databases: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, PsycInfo, and Scopus. REVIEW/ANALYSIS METHODS: Authors used a systematic data charting spreadsheet (Microsoft Excel) to review and analyze the extracted data. RESULTS: A total of 26 articles, from 2011-2021, were included in the final analysis. A majority of articles were conducted in the United States (11) and cross-sectional secondary data analysis design (13). Resilience definitions varied across the studies. Three studies operationalized resilience as a trait and only one as a behavior. Most studies (20) did not include a theoretical framework. CONCLUSION: The majority cross-sectional design and heterogeneity of a resilience definition indicates resilience research is still emerging. The lack of operationalized resilience, specifically as a behavior, and the limited use of theoretical frameworks suggest advancements in resilience pain research are needed. NURSING PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: This research has implications for nursing practice to support nurse's holistic perspective and the ability to incorporate resilience within nursing care. This research provides the initial steps to developing standard resilience definitions and frameworks to guide nursing practice.
ABSTRACT
Immersive virtual reality (VR) technologies can produce powerful illusions of being in another place or inhabiting another body, and theories of presence and embodiment provide valuable guidance to designers of VR applications that use these illusions to "take us elsewhere." However, an increasingly common design goal for VR experiences is to develop a deeper awareness of the internal landscape of one's own body (i.e., interoceptive awareness); here, design guidelines and evaluative techniques are less clear. To address this, we present a methodology, including a reusable codebook, for adapting the five dimensions of the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA) conceptual framework to explore interoceptive awareness in VR experiences via qualitative interviews. We report results from a first exploratory study (n=21) applying this method to understand the interoceptive experiences of users in a VR environment. The environment includes a guided body scan exercise with a motion-tracked avatar visible in a virtual mirror and an interactive visualization of a biometric signal detected via a heartbeat sensor. The results provide new insights on how this example VR experience might be refined to better support interoceptive awareness and how the methodology might continue to be refined for understanding other "inward-facing" VR experiences.
