Efficacy and Safety of Glycopyrrolate in the Management of Organophosphate and Carbamate Poisoning: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: There is a lack of evidence on the effectiveness of antidotes in the management of organophosphate and carbamate (OPC) poisoning. We aimed to review the efficacy and safety of glycopyrrolate in the management of OPC poisoning. METHODOLOGY: Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library were extensively searched from inception to November 2022 and updated till October 2023. Interventional, observational, and descriptive studies assessing the efficacy and safety of glycopyrrolate administered in any dose, route, and duration for the management of OPC poisoning published in the English language were considered for this review. The treatment with any other regimen that did not include glycopyrrolate was regarded as the comparator. The survival, intensive care unit (ICU) days and ventilatory outcomes were considered efficacy outcomes, and adverse effects were considered safety outcomes. Suitable quality assessment tools were used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. Two independent reviewers were involved in the study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment and any discrepancies were resolved through mutual discussion or consultation with a third reviewer. RESULTS: A total of 9 studies (2 RCTs, 4 cohorts, 1 case series, and 2 case reports) out of 591 nonduplicate records were considered for this review. Overall, the RCTs were observed to have a moderate quality, and observational studies and descriptive studies were found to have good quality. All the included studies used atropine administration as a standard treatment option along with glycopyrrolate. The OPC patients treated with glycopyrrolate had a fewer hospitalization days with comparable recovery and ventilatory outcomes than those that had not been treated with glycopyrrolate. The occurrence of adverse events and complications was lower in the glycopyrrolate group than in the control group. CONCLUSION: Currently, there is a lack of comparative studies to recommend the use of glycopyrrolate in OPC poisoning, and further interventional studies are required to make an evidencebased recommendation on this topic.

Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in oral polio vaccine recipients: disproportionality analysis using VAERS and systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) is a rare adverse event of oral poliovirus vaccines (OPV), particularly affecting immunodeficient individuals. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This study aimed to (1) Assess the association between OPV and VAPP using Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) database (2) Outline patient characteristics and risk factors associated with the occurrence of VAPP in OPV recipients through a systematic review of case reports and case series. A disproportionality analysis was conducted using the data from VAERS, encompassing adverse events reported from 1990 till February 2023. Additionally, we conducted a systematic review of case reports and case series using PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases. RESULTS: The VAERS data revealed 130 VAPP reports among 1,739,903 OPV linked adverse events, with year 2010 reporting the strongest association. The systematic review of 37 studies highlighted VAPP occurrence within 2 months to 4 years post-vaccination, typically with acute flaccid paralysis. Immunodeficiency and perianal abscess emerged as major risk factors. Out of the 37 included studies, 27 showed consistent causal association of VAPP with OPV using WHO-AEFI causality assessment tool. CONCLUSION: The study emphasized the seriousness of VAPP and highlights its association with OPV, identifying immunodeficiency as a prominent contributor to VAPP manifestation.

Factors associated with dietary and exercise compliance among elderly with chronic conditions of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus residing in rural areas of coastal Karnataka: A community-based cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Compliance with diet, exercise regimen, and medication is vital to maintain an acceptable range of blood pressure and glycemic level among elderly with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. However, these are considered to be more challenging tasks among elderly. The aim of this study is to identify dietary and exercise compliance among elderly with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus and to find its influencing factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The community-based survey was done in rural areas of five randomly selected clusters of primary health centers (PHC) using PPS sampling technique. After ethical clearance, a total of 360 consented participants residing in selected clusters were interviewed using pre-designed rating scale and questionnaire on dietary and exercise compliance, respectively. In this study, compliance refers to practicing prescribed diet and exercise regimen regularly by the elderly with HTN and T2DM. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. RESULTS: Eighty percent (n = 287) of study participants had moderate adherence to diet and only, 37.8% (n = 136) of them practice physical exercise. A Chi-square test report confirmed that there is a significant association (P < 0.05) between dietary compliance and level of education, occupation, family income, procurement of insurance, poor memory, multiple functional impairments, duration of hypertensive, and diabetes illness. Exercise compliance is influenced by factors such as gender, level of education, family income, and procurement of insurance (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Adherence to diet and exercise among elderly with chronic conditions are influenced by various socio-demographic or environmental, poor health or physiological and cognition or psychological factors.

Clinical characteristics, management, outcome, and cost of stings and bites in patients admitted to a tertiary care teaching hospital.

AIM: The objective of this study was to identify the clinical epidemiology and medical cost of stings and bites at a tertiary care hospital in South India. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The medical records of hospitalized patients in the tertiary care unit between 2016 and 2020 with the history of either being stung or bitten by insects were reviewed retrospectively. The patient's demographic details, clinical symptoms, treatment chart, expenditure details, and outcomes were collected in pre-structured case report forms. The data were analyzed using SPSS Version 20.0. RESULTS: A total of 66 patients were enrolled, with a mean age of 45.86 ± 23.37 years. The majority of the incidence was due to bee stings (61%). Anaphylaxis was reported in 38% of the cases, followed by acute kidney injury (10.6%). The cost of hospitalization was found to be higher for spider bites at 896.73 ± 1414.95 USD, followed by wasp stings at 989.81 ± 1185.57 USD. In patients with complications, the average cost of stings and bites was 438.81 ± 685.81 USD. Most of the patients received antibiotics (75.8%), followed by steroids (62.1%). CONCLUSION: Stings and bite injuries may appear harmless initially, but they can cause severe complications in unidentified cases and for those who do not seek urgent medical attention. Antibiotics and corticosteroids can help in the management of envenomation.

Economic Burden of Mosquito-Borne Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Protocol for a Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Globally, among all the vector-borne diseases, mosquito-borne diseases are responsible for a substantial number of cases and deaths and amount to an economic cost of US $12 billion per year. However, there is a dearth of systematic research conducted on the economic burden of mosquito-borne diseases. To address the lack of comprehensive information on this topic, a systematic review will be conducted to synthesize evidence for informing targeted policies and strategies addressing this growing burden and for better financial protection of households. OBJECTIVE: The systematic review aims to review the economic burden of mosquito-borne diseases in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The review estimates the total cost, which is the compilation of both the direct costs and indirect costs. Additionally, it reports cost estimates per disease, country, and patient. The review outcome will also discuss the impact of the economic burden in terms of out-of-pocket expenditure, catastrophic health expenditure, impoverishment, and gross domestic product impact due to mosquito-borne diseases in LMICs. METHODS: Systematic searches will be conducted in PubMed (MEDLINE), Ovid Embase, Scopus, the cumulative index of nursing and allied health literacy, and Cochrane CENTRAL. Additionally, websites of the World Bank, World Health Organization, and Asian Development Bank as well as grey literature (eg, Malaria No More and the Ministry of Health websites) will be searched to gather comprehensive information on the topic and identify studies published in the English language. The titles and abstracts will be independently screened by 2 reviewers, followed by a full-text review against the inclusion criteria. Disagreements will be resolved through discussion with a third author. The methodological reporting quality of the studies will be evaluated using the Larg and Moss checklist, Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials, and the Consensus on Health Economic Criteria. Data will be extracted using a standardized data extraction form. RESULTS: The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023427111) prior to the initiation of the search strategy. The review is currently ongoing and will synthesize information from the identified studies through a process involving structured screening, data extraction, and critical appraisal in the form of tables and a narrative summary of studies reporting the economic burden incurred due to mosquito-borne diseases in LMICs. CONCLUSIONS: This review seeks to report the economic burden of mosquito-borne diseases. It will act as evidence for policymakers to prioritize their decisions regarding containing the prevalence of mosquito-borne diseases and the means to lowering the incidence of diseases spread by mosquitoes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42023427111; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=427111. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/50985.

Determinants of Medication Non-Adherence Among the Elderly with Co-Existing Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Rural Areas of Udupi District in Karnataka, India.

Purpose: Medication adherence is a crucial component in the management of elderly with co-morbid chronic conditions. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the determinants of medication non-adherence among rural elderly with co-morbid chronic conditions of hypertension (HTN) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in India. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study adopted the probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling technique to find the determinants of medication non-adherence among elderly residing in rural coverage areas of five randomly selected primary health centres (PHC) in Udupi district, Karnataka, India. A total of 360 elderly (72 samples from each cluster) who met the inclusion criteria and consented were interviewed using predesigned prevalidated and standardized or reliable tools. The data were coded and entered in SPSS version 16.0 and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The study found that 55.6% (n=200) of rural elderly with co-morbid conditions HTN and T2DM were non-adherent to their medications and established Spearman correlation coefficient rank (r) value between undesirable person-related factors (r=-0.444); good family support (including financial support) (r=0.185); poor accessibility to healthcare facility (r=-0.209); detrimental medication-related factors including high cost of medication (r=-0.237) were found to be significant at 0.05 level of confidence (p < 0.05). Further, the study depicted that the chi-square test (χ2) was identified to be significantly associated (p<0.05) with a variable such as education, knowledge, number of illnesses and impairments, vision, memory, and physical impairments. Conclusion: Medication adherence could be improved among rural elderly with co-morbid conditions by identifying and addressing the determinants at the earliest. Further, it is vital to identify the suitable intervention program to address these avoidable problems.

The significance of APACHE II as a predictor of mortality in paraquat poisoning: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scoring system is utilised as a prognostic method in paraquat poisoning; however, current evidence shows ambiguity. Although some studies have shown APACHE II to be a superior tool, others have reported it inferior to other prognostic markers, such as lactate, severity index of paraquat poisoning and urine paraquat concentration. Hence, to address this ambiguity, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to analyse prognostic accuracy of APACHE II score in predicting mortality in paraquat poisoning. We included twenty studies with 2524 paraquat poisoned patients in the systematic review, after a comprehensive literature search in databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane Library, from which 16 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The survivors of paraquat poisoning were found to have significantly lower APACHE II scores (Mean Difference (MD): -5.76; 95% CI: -7.93 to -3.60 p < 0.0001; n = 16 studies) compared to non-survivors. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR) and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) for APACHE II score <9 was found to be 74%, 68%, 2.58, 0.38 and 7.10, respectively (n = 5 studies). The area under the curve (AUC) of the bivariate summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve was found to be 0.80. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, PLR, NLR and DOR for APACHE II score ≥9 was found to be 73%, 86%, 4.69, 0.33 and 16.42, respectively (n = 9 studies). The AUC of the SROC curve was found to be 0.89. Pairwise AUC comparison of APACHE II with other prognostic markers showed serum presepsin to have a significantly better discriminatory ability than APACHE II. Through the findings of this study, we conclude that APACHE II was found to be a good indicator of death in paraquat poisoning patients. However, higher APACHE II scores (≥9) depicted greater specificity in predicting mortality in paraquat poisoning. Thus, APACHE II can be used as a practical tool in the hand of physicians to prognose patients with paraquat poisoning to aid clinical decisions.

Factors contributing to the adverse drug reactions associated with the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Adverse drug reactions are one of the contributors to increased hospital admission and length of hospital stay. Among the various antidiabetic agents prescribed, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have gained wide recognition and shown more persistence than other novel hypoglycemic agents. We performed a scoping review to identify the risk factors contributing to the adverse drug reactions with DPP-4 inhibitors. METHODOLOGY: We followed Preferred Reporting Items for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) Guidelines for reporting the findings. Data sources such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane were assessed. We included studies that reported the risk factors contributing to the DPP-4 inhibitor-associated adverse drug reactions. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies. RESULTS: Of the 6406 studies retrieved, 11 studies met our inclusion criteria. Of these 11 studies, seven were post-marketing surveillance studies, one nested case-control study, one comparator cohort study, one food and drug administration (FDA) adverse event reporting system (FAERS)-based observational study, and one questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey study. A total of eight factors were identified that contributed to the DPP-4 inhibitor-associated adverse drug reactions. CONCLUSION: The included studies suggested age >65 years, females, grade 4 and 5 renal impairment, concomitant drugs, disease and drug therapy duration, liver disease, non-smokers, and non-hypertension as risk factors. Further studies should be conducted to provide insight into these risk factors so that the appropriate use of DPP-4 inhibitors in the diabetic population can be encouraged to improve the health-related quality of life. PROSPERO REGISTRATION: CRD42022308764.

Perspectives of patients and healthcare professionals on metabolic monitoring of adult prescribed second-generation antipsychotics for severe mental illness: A meta-synthesis.

OBJECTIVES: We conducted a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies to synthesize the views of psychiatric patients on second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) and the healthcare providers about the metabolic monitoring of adult-prescribed SGAs. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in four databases through SCOPUS, PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL to identify qualitative studies of patients' and healthcare professionals' perspectives on the metabolic monitoring of SGAs. Initially, titles and abstracts were screened to exclude articles that were not relevant followed by full-text reading. Study quality was assessed by using Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) criteria. Themes were synthesized and presented as per the Interpretive data synthesis process (Evans D, 2002). RESULTS: A total of 15 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in meta-synthesis. Four themes were identified: 1. Barriers to metabolic monitoring; 2. Patient related concerns to metabolic monitoring; 3. Support system by mental health services to promote metabolic monitoring; and 4. Integrating physical health with mental health services. From the participants' perspectives, barriers to metabolic monitoring were accessibility of services, lack of education and awareness, time/resource constraints, financial hardship, lack of interest on metabolic monitoring, patient capacity and motivation to maintain physical health and role confusion and impact on communication. Education and training on monitoring practices as well as integrated mental health services for metabolic monitoring to promote quality and safe use of SGAs are the most likely approaches to promote adherence to best practices and minimize treatment-related metabolic syndrome in this highly vulnerable cohort. CONCLUSION: This meta-synthesis highlights key barriers from the perspectives of patients and healthcare professionals regarding the metabolic monitoring of SGAs. These barriers and suggested remedial strategies are important to pilot in the clinical setting and to assess the impact of the implementation of such strategies as a component of pharmacovigilance to promote the quality use of SGAs as well as to prevent and/or manage SGAs-induced metabolic syndrome in severe and complex mental health disorders.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on medicine supply chain for patients with chronic diseases: Experiences of the community pharmacists.

Problem considered: Coronavirus disease(COVID-19) outbroke towards the end of December 2019 in China, soon it started spreading rapidly to various countries leading to an outburst of pandemic. Due to the restrictions imposed to control the spread of the infection, globally the manufacturing, import and export of medicine and the healthcare services to patients with chronic illness had been affected. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of the pharmacists on the medicine supply chain for patients with chronic diseases during COVID-19 pandemic in India. Methods: This study is a prospective, qualitative research involving telephonic, semi-structured in-depth interviews. An interview guide for pharmacists was prepared and validated using "Interview Protocol Refinement" method. Purposive sampling method was used to recruit the pharmacists; a telephonic oral consent was obtained. The interview session was audio recorded and the recordings were transcribed verbatim. Further, transcripts were validated and later analysed using NVivo software. Results: A total of 8 participants were interviewed during our study. Thematic analysis of the transcripts resulted in seven main themes. The study showed that there was deficiency in medicine supply during the COVID-19 pandemic and the pharmacists faced several challenges in procuring and storing the medication, arranging for unavailable medicines, medication dispensing and provision of the services such as medicine delivery, patient counselling. There was also scarcity of manpower leading to extra workload and working overtime. Conclusion: Uninterrupted supply of essential medicine is the backbone of health care system. An effective plan and appropriate strategies are vital to combat such future emergencies.

Relationship between antibiotic consumption pattern and antibiotic resistance in neonatal sepsis.

Background and aim: Inappropriate use of antibiotics may increase antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among different microorganisms and may lead to treatment failure in neonatal septicemia. The aim of this study was to recognize the most common microorganisms responsible for neonatal sepsis and to evaluate the trend of change of resistance pattern among microorganisms. Methods: This study was done retrospectively on 344 cases diagnosed with neonatal sepsis, including both early and late onset cases, admitted to the tertiary care teaching hospital of southern India from January 2012 to July 2017. Accordingly, 231 culture positive neonatal sepsis cases were collected from hospital data base and analyzed. Culture positive cases within 72 hours of life were termed as early onset while after 72 hours were late onset. Antibiotics utilization during the period was calculated using WHO AMC tool and reported as (DDD)/100 bed days. Results: Klebsiella pneumoniae with 56 (21.8%) and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus with 52 (20.2%) cases were the most frequent isolated organisms which were responsible for 55.8% and 14.6% of deaths among the study subjects respectively. Amikacin (86.7%), vancomycin (52.3%) and ampicillin (40.6%) were the most used antibiotics in terms of DDD/100 bed days. Conclusion: The results obtained from our study have brought substantial information on the antibiotic resistance pattern among microorganisms causing neonatal sepsis. Moreover, results obtained from this study can be used for designing antibiotic stewardship policies to prevent the emergence of resistance and to improve the treatment outcome.

Impact of Diabetes in COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis and its Management: A Non-Systematic Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has become extremely dangerous manifesting itself in a variety of forms ranging from a simple flu-like illness to death. COVID-19 associated mucormycosis (CAM) is a global threat with diabetes being a major contributor. OBJECTIVE: This review aims to give a clear picture of the impact of hyperglycemia in CAM along with its management. METHODS: Google and Google Scholar were searched and studies that addressed the impact of diabetes in CAM were considered for this review. We also performed a bibliographic search of the specific article to find additional studies. RESULTS: A series of events such as unregulated activation of innate immune system modification, pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages activation, and the depletion of natural killer cell activity is very common in patients with COVID-19. In addition, the exacerbated cytokine syndrome and hyperinflammatory response may elevate the severity of this condition, which further leads to higher mortality. The impaired immune phase which follows provide the niche for increased infection among diabetic patients making them more prone towards developing mucormycosis and associated infections. Early detection, surgical debridement, and appropriate medical treatment with antifungals and hypoglycaemic agents may help control the infection and associated morbidity and mortality. COVID-19 drugs, hypoglycaemic agents, antifungals, and comorbidities have all been associated with adverse side effects and drug interactions. CONCLUSION: Clinicians should be well aware of this deadly disease and manage COVID-19, diabetes, and mucormycosis through individualized treatment regimens to improve patient outcomes.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of global prevalence of neurotoxic and hemotoxic snakebite envenomation.

Background: The World Health Organization estimates that there are approximately 5.4 million snakebites and 1.8-2.7 million cases of envenomation, with 81 410-137 880 deaths each year worldwide. Aims: To estimate the prevalence of neurotoxic and haemotoxic snakebite envenomation through a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: We searched Medline/PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library up to January 2021 using keywords such as snakebite and snake envenomation. Bibliographic and random searches were also performed. Prospective or retrospective observational studies and randomized controlled trials were included for the review. Results: We included 271 of 9711 studies published between 1963 and 2020. The pooled prevalence of snakebite from 188 studies with a total of 207 235 participants showed the highest prevalence in North America (69.20%; 95% confidence interval, CI: 57.06-81.34%) and lowest in Africa (28.10%; 95% CI: 22.22-33.98%). There was a pooled prevalence of 24.94% (95% CI: 22.84-27.03%) for haemotoxicity, with a highest prevalence of coagulopathy (43.76%; 95% CI: 33.15-54.37%). The overall prevalence of neurotoxicity was 38.20% (95% CI: 31.88-44.53%), with a highest prevalence of ptosis (53.57%; 95% CI: 38.51-68.62%). Conclusion: There was a higher prevalence of snakebites in North America. The most prevalent haemotoxicity and neurotoxicity were coagulopathy and ptosis, respectively. The overall quality of evidence was good with a non-significant publication bias.

Proton pump inhibitors use and risk of inflammatory bowel diseases: a meta-analysis of observational studies.

Background and objective: Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) reduce gastric acid production and they are indicated for myriad gastrointestinal conditions. Prolonged use of PPI has been linked to the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) though this fact is not well established. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the risk of IBD occurrence with PPI use. Methodology: The databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library were accessed from inception to December 2020. Additionally, the bibliographic search and a random search in Google, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate were performed to find additional sources. The observational studies estimating the risk of IBD following the use of PPI, published in the English language were considered for this review. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Modified Downs and Black checklist. Results: Eight out of 2038 studies with 157,758 participants were included in this meta-analysis. A significantly higher risk of IBD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.43; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.18-5.02; P=0.02; n=6) was observed in participants taking PPIs for any indication. Moreover, a significant association was observed between PPI exposure on the different types of IBD such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease together (aOR: 3.60; 95% CI: 1.10-11.74), collagenous colitis (OR: 4.73; 95% CI: 1.99-11.22) and lymphocytic Colitis (OR: 3.77; 95% CI: 2.91-4.87), but not with ulcerative colitis (P=0.47) and microscopic colitis (P=0.07) alone. Similarly, a significant association was observed among Europeans (aOR: 3.98; 95% CI: 2.36-6.71), but not with North American (aOR: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.01-26.71) studies. Overall the study quality was good. Conclusion: The current evidence indicates that exposure to PPI is significantly associated with increased risk of IBD. Further, adequately powered studies from various parts of the world are needed for better quantification and generalizability of our findings. PROSPERO Protocol Registration Number: CRD42020209674.

Identification of risk factors associated with hyponatremia in psychiatric patients: a case-control study.

Background and aims: Prompt recognition and optimal management of hyponatremia helps the physician devise a better treatment plan to prevent future complications in patients. Hence this study aims to identify the risk factors associated with hyponatremia in psychiatric patients. Methods: A case-control study was conducted among psychiatric inpatients in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Patients admitted from January 2013 to December 2017 were identified using ICD-10 code F01-F99. Patients with serum sodium levels < 135 mmol/L were considered to have hyponatremia and between 135-145 mmol/L as controls. Factors associated with hyponatremia were identified by multiple logistic regression, and the odds ratio (OR) was calculated. Results: Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 264 cases of hyponatremia and 253 matching controls were included in the study. The mean age of patients with hyponatremia was 56.4 ± 16.8 years compared to 39.6 ± 13.9 years in controls, and 65.7% of them were males. Seizure disorder (OR = 3.14, p = 0.047), bipolar disorder (OR = 6.03, p = 0.001), depression (OR = 4.78, p = 0.0005), use of quetiapine (OR = 2.11, p = 0.007) and insulin (OR = 3.53, p = 0.038) were independent risk factors associated with development of hyponatremia. Conclusions: The chances of developing hyponatremia are increased in psychiatric patients with a seizure disorder, bipolar disorder, depression and using quetiapine or insulin. And they should be monitored carefully.

Identification of factors affecting outcomes in patients with Guillain Barre syndrome.

Background: Guillain Barre syndrome (GBS) is a rare autoimmune neurological disorder resulting in variable clinical course and outcome. Various factors such as age, symptoms and disease form that influence the outcome of GBS have been previously studied. Aim: This study aimed at identifying factors affecting the outcomes in patients with GBS. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on GBS (ICD-G61.0) patients admitted to the hospital between 2014 and 2019. Patient information on demographics, medical and medication history, laboratory parameters, electrophysiological data, type of GBS and therapy received were retrieved from medical records. Univariate and multivariate analysis were conducted to identify factors associated with outcome (improved and not improved) and calculate odds ratio (OR). Results: A total of 212 GBS patients were included in the study, of which 67% were males and the mean age was 39.9±20.1 years. 168 (79%) patients showed improvement whereas the remaining 44(21%) did not show improvement. Patients with hypertension (OR=4.512; CI=1.309-15.556, p=0.017), alcoholics (OR=5.148; CI=1.234-21.472, p=0.025), sepsis (OR= 9.139; CI=1.102-75.760, p=0.040) and cardiac arrest (OR=17.495; CI=1.249-245.027, p=0.034) were associated with risk of no improvement. Whereas those treated with IVIgG plus Physiotherapy/Occupational therapy (OR=0.062; CI=0.016-0.242, p=0.001) and Plasmapheresis plus Physiotherapy/Occupational therapy (OR=0.007; CI=0.000-0.147, p=0.001) were associated with improvement. Conclusion: Understanding these factors help to further give a more directed and focused management to improve the condition in patients who are at risk of poor outcome. Further follow-up studies could be done to determine and manage the residual disabilities associated with GBS to improve patient's quality of life.

Role of human leukocyte antigen in anti-epileptic drugs-induced Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis: A meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are extensively used to manage epilepsy and other comorbidities associated with seizures. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) has a strong association with AED-induced severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify, critically evaluate, and synthesize the best possible evidence on HLA-associated AED-induced Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (SJS/TEN). METHODS: MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library were searched for literature from inception up to July 2022. We included case control studies analyzing association between HLA and AED-induced SJS/TEN. We assessed the studies' risk of bias in using Quality of genetic studies (Q-genie) tool. Outcomes focused on association (risk) between HLA and AED-induced SJS/TEN. The estimated risk was presented in the form of odds ratio (OR). RESULTS: We included 37 studies (51,422 participants; 7027 cases and 44,395 controls). There was a significantly higher risk of Carbamazepine-induced SJS/TEN with HLA-A (OR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.03 to 2.17), HLA-B (OR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.45 to 2.58), HLA-C (OR: 7.83; 95% CI: 4.72 to 12.98), and HLA-DRB1 (OR: 2.82; 95% CI: 1.94 to 4.12). Lamotrigine-induced SJS/TEN posed a higher risk with HLA-A (OR: 2.38; 95% CI: 1.26 to 4.46) and HLA-B (OR: 2.79; 95% CI: 1.75 to 4.46). Phenytoin-induced SJS/TEN showed a higher risk with HLA-A (OR: 3.47; 95% CI: 2.17 to 5.56), HLA-B (OR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.38 to 2.15), and HLA-C (OR: 2.92; 95% CI: 1.77 to 4.83). Phenobarbital-induced SJS/TEN had a higher risk with HLA-A (OR: 6.98; 95% CI: 1.81 to 26.84), HLA-B (OR: 2.40; 95% CI: 1.39 to 4.17), and HLA-C (OR: 3.37; 95% CI: 1.03 to 11.01). Zonisamide-induced SJS/TEN was significantly associated with HLA-A*02:07 (OR: 9.77; 95% CI: 3.07 to 31.1), HLA-B*46:01 (OR: 6.73; 95% CI: 2.12 to 21.36), and HLA-DRB1×08:03 (OR: 3.78; 95% CI: 1.20 to 11.97). All other alleles of HLA were observed to have a non-significant association with AED-induced SJS/TEN. All included studies were of good quality, with a score of >50 and a mean score of 54.96 out of 77. CONCLUSION: Our study showed a significant association between few variants of HLA alleles and AED-induced SJS/TEN. Evidences from our study could help in population-based studies and in implementation of individualized treatment regimens. These findings could be part of translational research helping in precision therapy.

Artificial intelligence in acute respiratory distress syndrome: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening pulmonary disease with a high clinical and cost burden across the globe. Artificial intelligence (AI), an emerging area, has been used for various purposes in ARDS. We aim to summarize the currently available literature on various applications of AI in ARDS through a systematic review. METHODOLOGY: PubMed was searched from inception to February 2021 to collate all the studies. Additionally, a bibliographic search of included studies and a random search on Google, Google Scholar, and Research Gate were performed to identify relevant articles. Studies published in English language that employed data about developing and/or assessing the role of AI in the various aspects of ARDS were considered for this review. Three independent reviewers performed study selection and data extraction; any disagreements were settled through consensus or discussion with another member of the research team. RESULTS: A total of 19 studies published between the year 2002 and 2020 were included. In these included studies, AI was used for various purposes in ARDS such as diagnosis (n = 10; 53 %), risk stratification (n = 1; 5 %), prediction of severity (n = 3; 17 %), management (n = 2; 10 %), prediction of mortality (n = 2; 10 %), and decision making (n = 1; 5 %). The area under the curve among the developed models in the included studies ranged between 0.8 and 1, which is considered to be very good to excellent. CONCLUSION: AI is revolutionizing healthcare and has a wide range of applications in ARDS, such as minimizing cost and enhancing outcomes.

Identification of potential risk factors for the poor prognosis of neonatal sepsis.

Background and aim: Risk factor-based approach is one of the best approaches employed by middle income countries which are not well facility driven for any disease management. Thus, through this approach, we aim to identify the potential risk factors responsible for the poor outcome in neonatal sepsis. Methods: A case control was conducted retrospectively with neonates admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit during January 2012 to December 2016. Cases were identified using ICD-10 Code from inpatient medical records and demographic, maternal and neonatal details were collected from the medical files. Logistic regression was performed to identify the risk factors associated with mortality in neonatal sepsis. Results: A total of 613 neonates were found to have culture positive sepsis from the 4690 neonates admitted in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). There was a total of 831 episodes in the 613 neonates. The mortality rate in neonates with sepsis was found to be 25.4%. Extremely low birth weight (OR 6.171, CI 3.475-10.957), extreme preterm (OR 5.761, CI 2.612-12.708), very preterm (OR 2.548, CI 1.607-4.042), preeclampsia (OR 1.671, CI 1.091-2.562), acute renal failure (OR 4.939, CI-2.588-9.426), coagulopathy (OR 2.211, CI-1.486-3.289), septic shock (OR 173.522, CI-23.642-1273.59), thrombocytopenia (OR 5.231, CI-3.310-8.268), leukopenia (OR 2.422, CI- 1.473-3.984), CRP > 24 (OR 2.099, CI-1.263-3.487) and abnormal absolute neutrophil count (OR 2.108, CI-1.451-3.062) were some of the significant predictors, identified through risk-based approach, in assessing mortality in neonatal sepsis. Conclusion: Risk-based approach applied was successful in determining plausible important predictors such like extreme low birth weight, extreme preterm, resistance against gram negative infections, preeclampsia, septic shock, hypotension, leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia in predicting mortality in neonatal sepsis. These potential risk factors, identified through risk- based approach, can play a pivotal role in assisting clinician to make appropriate and judicious decision.

COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: The Perils of Peddling Science by Social Media and the Lay Press.

INTRODUCTION: Vaccines are the best tools to end the pandemic, and their public acceptance is crucial in achieving herd immunity. Despite global efforts to increase access to vaccination, the World Health Organization explicitly lists vaccination hesitancy (VH) as a significant threat. Despite robust safety reports from regulatory authorities and public health advisories, a substantial proportion of the community remains obsessed with the hazards of vaccination. This calls for identifying and eliminating possible causative elements, among which this study investigates the inappropriate dissemination of medical literature concerning COVID-19 and adverse events following immunization (AEFI), its influence on promoting VH, and proposals for overcoming this problem in the future. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases, using the keywords "adverse events following immunization (AEFI)", "COVID-19", "vaccines" and "hesitancy" and related medical and subjective headings (MeSH) up to 31 March 2022, and extracted studies relevant to the COVID-19 AEFI and associated VH. Finally, 47 articles were chosen to generate a narrative synthesis. RESULTS: The databases depicted a steep rise in publications on COVID-19 AEFI and COVID-19 VH from January 2021 onwards. The articles depicted multiple events of mild AEFIs without fatal events in recipients. While documenting AEFIs is praiseworthy, publishing such reports without prior expert surveillance can exaggerate public apprehension and inappropriately fuel VH. VH is a deep-rooted phenomenon, but it is difficult to zero in on the exact reason for it. Spreading rumors/misinformation on COVID-19 vaccines might be an important provocation for VH, which includes indiscriminately reporting AEFI on a massive scale. While a number of reported AEFIs fall within the acceptable limits in the course of extensive COVID-19 vaccinations, it is important to critically evaluate and moderate the reporting and dissemination of AEFI in order to allay panic. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination programs are necessary to end any pandemic, and VH may be attributed to multiple reasons. VH may be assuaged by initiating educational programs on the importance of vaccination, raising public awareness and monitoring the inappropriate dissemination of misleading information. Government-initiated strategies can potentially restrict random AEFI reports from lay epidemiologists and healthcare practitioners.