ABSTRACT
Simultaneously regulating the crystallizing and combustion behaviors of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) will be conducive to its further development in the fields of electronic appliances, automotive and rail transit materials. To achieve this goal, a novel bifunctional additive triethylamine phenylphosphonate (TEAP) was synthesized through acid-base neutralization reaction between trimethylamine and phenylphosphonic acid. When TEAP was added into PLA, the crystallization behaviors of PLA/TEAP assessed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized optical microscopy (POM) suggested that TEAP acted as a nucleating agent and plasticizer for PLA, which effectively increased the crystallization rate of PLA. However, PLA with 3 wt% TEAP showed a slower crystallization rate than that of PLA with 1 wt% TEAP due to the filler aggregation of TEAP. Thus, the crystallization rate increased first and then slightly decreased with increasing content of TEAP. Compared with the variation of the crystallization rate, the long period (L) and amorphous layer thickness (L a) resulting from SAXS showed opposite trends, while the average crystal thickness (L c) changed slightly; the reason may relate to the variation of the number of lamellae with increasing the content of TEAP. Meanwhile, the results of WAXD and Raman spectra showed the crystal structure of PLA was not affected by the addition of TEAP. The combustion behaviors of PLA and PLA/TEAP were evaluated by the limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 test, cone calorimetry test (CCT) and thermal gravimetric analyses coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR). According to the results, TEAP mainly promotes the removal of melt dripping, hence brings away heat and delays the combustion. Besides, the production of phosphorus-containing free radicals can quench hydrogen or oxygen free radicals in the fire. Thus, the fire safety of PLA is significantly improved by adding a very low content of TEAP (1-3 wt%). Only 1 wt% loading of TEAP can increase the LOI value of PLA from 19.5 vol% to 28.6 vol%, pass the UL-94 V-0 rating and have a low peak heat release rate of 404 kW m-2.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To discuss the causes for changes of opinions in reappraisals of mental disabilities due to traffic accidents. METHODS: Fifty-one reappraisals of mental disorders due to traffic accidents from October 2009 to October 2011 in the Institute of Forensic Science, Shaoxing Seventh People's Hospital, were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: In the reappraisals, the opinions about disability grade changed in 30 cases (58.82%), including 8 cases increased and 22 cases decreased. According to the causes of changing the opinions, there were 8, 10 and 2 cases related to different understandings of appraisers in the severities of mental disorders, subjective judgements and certain psychiatric symptoms, respectively. Also, there were 10 cases related to different appraisal time. CONCLUSION: Appraisals of mental disabilities should grasp the appraisal time, decrease the changes of opinions due to the differences of appraisers and correctly understand the orders of rules and clauses.
Subject(s)
Accidents, Traffic , Disability Evaluation , Forensic Psychiatry , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Adult , Aged , Brain Injuries/diagnosis , Brain Injuries/etiology , Brain Injuries/psychology , Female , Humans , Intellectual Disability , Intelligence , Male , Mental Disorders/etiology , Mental Disorders/psychology , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Severity of Illness Index , Time Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Zaoren Anshen capsules in treating senile insomnia and changes in its hemorheology. METHOD: A total of 120 patients with senile insomnia were randomly divided into the Zaoren Anshen capsules group (five capsules, n = 60) and the Alprazolam group (0.8 mg, n = 60) for treatment and control observation. Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) was used for evaluating clinical efficacy in the first and fourth week before and after treatment. RESULT: The Zaoren Anshen capsules group had lower higher scores in PSQI (5.91 +/- 1.37) than that before treatment (13.49 +/- 3.87), with great statistical significant in difference (P < 0.01). The alprazolam group had lower higher scores in PSQI than that before treatment, with great statistical significant in difference (P < 0.01). apart from higher PSQI scores in the Zaoren Anshen capsules group than that of the Alprazolam group after treatment for one week (P < 0.05), the comparison between the Zaoren Anshen capsules group and the alprazolam group before and after treatment for four weeks showed no statistical significance. As for hemorheological parameters, the difference in the whole blood viscosity (including high-shear, middle-shear and low-shear) of patients in the Zaoren Anshen capsules showed great statistical significance before and after treatment (P < 0.01), and so did the plasma viscosity (P < 0.05). Zaoren Anshen capsules showed less adverse reactions than alprazolam. CONCLUSION: Zaoren Anshen capsules have similar effect in treating senile insomnia with alprazolam, with less adverse reactions. They are so suitable for patients with senile insomnia that they can improve hemorheological indicators of patients with senile insomnia and have good effect in promoting circulation and removing stasis.
Subject(s)
Alprazolam/administration & dosage , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage , Hemorheology/drug effects , Hypnotics and Sedatives/administration & dosage , Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders/drug therapy , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Blood Viscosity/drug effects , Capsules , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Surveys and Questionnaires , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
A practical procedure has been developed for γ-oxygenation of α,ß-unsaturated esters by a vinylogous O-nitroso Mukaiyama aldol reaction followed by a one-pot N-O bond heterolysis of the in situ generated γ-aminoxy-α,ß-unsaturated esters.
ABSTRACT
A titanium-mediated, hydroxy-directed reductive coupling reaction of propargylic alcohols and aldehydes/ketones is described. Excellent diastereoselectivity and synthetically useful yields have been obtained for a range of substrates. This transformation has enabled a highly convergent three-component approach to syn-1,3-diols using (trimethylsilyl)acetylene as a C1 linchpin.
Subject(s)
Alcohols/chemistry , Alcohols/chemical synthesis , Organometallic Compounds/chemistry , Titanium/chemistry , Molecular Conformation , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
Considerable interest has been attracted in isosteviol and its derivatives because of their large variety of pharmacological activities. In this project, a series of novel compounds containing hydroxyl, hydroxymethyl group and heteroatom-containing frameworks fused with isosteviol structure were synthesized and evaluated as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, aimed at clarifying the structure-activity correlation. The results indicated that these isosteviol derivatives were capable of inhibiting in vitro alpha-glucosidase with moderate to good activities. Among them, indole derivative 15b exhibited the highest activities and thus may be exploitable as a lead compound for the development of potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
Subject(s)
Diterpenes, Kaurane/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors , Crystallography, X-Ray , Diterpenes, Kaurane/chemistry , Diterpenes, Kaurane/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Hydroxylation , Indoles/chemical synthesis , Indoles/chemistry , Indoles/pharmacology , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
In the presence of Pd(II) catalyst and copper(II) bromide, 2-(arylmethylene)cyclopropylcarbinols undergo ring enlargement to deliver (arylcyclobutenyl)carbinols or hydrogenated furans in good yields under mild conditions; mechanisms accounting for the distinct products have been proposed on the basis of control and deuterium labeling experiments.
ABSTRACT
{[2-(Arylmethylene)cyclopropyl]methyl}(phenyl)sulfanes and {[2-(arylmethylene)cyclopropyl]methyl}(phenyl)selanes, generated in situ from 2-(arylmethylene)cyclopropylcarbinols with sodium benzenethiolate and sodium benzeneselenolate, could undergo rearrangement upon heating to afford (2-arylmethylidenebut-3-enyl)(phenyl)sulfanes and (2-arylmethylidenebut-3-enyl)(phenyl)selanes, in good to excellent yields as mixtures of E- and Z-isomers, respectively. A radical rearrangement was proposed on the basis of control experiments for this process.
Subject(s)
Organometallic Compounds/chemistry , Selenium/chemistry , Sulfhydryl Compounds/chemistry , Temperature , Free Radicals/chemical synthesis , Free Radicals/chemistry , Molecular Structure , Organometallic Compounds/chemical synthesis , Stereoisomerism , Sulfhydryl Compounds/chemical synthesisABSTRACT
Catalyzed by gold(I), (E)- and (Z)-2-(arylmethylene)cyclopropylcarbinols, terminal arynes, and alcohols underwent three-component addition reactions to produce 3-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes in high yields and moderate diastereoselectivities under mild conditions. A plausible mechanism based on an intermolecular tandem hydroalkoxylation/Prins-type reaction pathway has been proposed.
ABSTRACT
(E)- and (Z)-2-(Arylmethylene)cyclopropylcarbinols 1 could be converted to the corresponding tetrahydropyrans 2 and 3 stereoselectively in the presence of Brønsted acids MsOH or TsOH under mild conditions. A plausible Prins-type reaction mechanism has been proposed.
