Acute Effects of Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Its Constituents on Sex Hormone Among Postmenopausal Women - Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei PLADs, China, 2018-2019.

What is already known on this topic?: Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was linked to endocrine hormone disruption in the reproductive system. Nonetheless, it was unclear which specific components of PM2.5 were primarily responsible for these associations. What is added by this report?: The study presented the initial epidemiological evidence that brief exposure to PM2.5 can elevate estradiol levels in postmenopausal women. Various particle components had unique effects, with water-soluble ions and specific inorganic elements like Ag, As, Cd, Hg, Ni, Sb, Se, Sn, and Tl potentially playing significant roles in increasing estradiol levels. What are the implications for public health practice?: The study established that the prevalence of air pollution, along with its specific components, has been recognized as a novel risk factor affecting the balance of sex hormones.

Associations of residential greenness and ambient air pollution with overweight and obesity in older adults.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the impact of greenness and fine particulate matter <2.5 µm (PM2.5 ) on overweight/obesity among older adults in China. METHODS: A total of 21,355 participants aged ≥65 years were included from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey between 2000 and 2018. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with a radius of 250 m and PM2.5 in a 1 × 1-km grid resolution were calculated around each participant's residence. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the effects of NDVI and PM2.5 on overweight/obesity. Interaction and mediation analyses were conducted to explore combined effects. RESULTS: The study observed 1895 incident cases of overweight/obesity over 109,566 person-years. For every 0.1-unit increase in NDVI the hazard ratio of overweight/obesity was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.88-0.95), and for every 10-µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 the hazard ratio was 1.11 (95% CI: 1.07-1.14). The effect of NDVI on overweight/obesity was partially mediated by PM2.5 , with a relative mediation proportion of 20.10% (95% CI: 1.63%-38.57%). CONCLUSIONS: Greenness exposure appears to lower the risk of overweight/obesity in older adults in China, whereas PM2.5 , acting as a mediator, partly mediated this protective effect.

Erratum to "Lipidome Atlas of the Developing Heart Uncovers Dynamic Membrane Lipid Attributes Underlying Cardiac Structural and Metabolic Maturation".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.34133/research.0006.].

Substantial transition to clean household energy mix in rural China.

The household energy mix has significant impacts on human health and climate, as it contributes greatly to many health- and climate-relevant air pollutants. Compared to the well-established urban energy statistical system, the rural household energy statistical system is incomplete and is often associated with high biases. Via a nationwide investigation, this study revealed high contributions to energy supply from coal and biomass fuels in the rural household energy sector, while electricity comprised ∼20%. Stacking (the use of multiple sources of energy) is significant, and the average number of energy types was 2.8 per household. Compared to 2012, the consumption of biomass and coals in 2017 decreased by 45% and 12%, respectively, while the gas consumption amount increased by 204%. Increased gas and decreased coal consumptions were mainly in cooking, while decreased biomass was in both cooking (41%) and heating (59%). The time-sharing fraction of electricity and gases (E&G) for daily cooking grew, reaching 69% in 2017, but for space heating, traditional solid fuels were still dominant, with the national average shared fraction of E&G being only 20%. The non-uniform spatial distribution and the non-linear increase in the fraction of E&G indicated challenges to achieving universal access to modern cooking energy by 2030, particularly in less-developed rural and mountainous areas. In some non-typical heating zones, the increased share of E&G for heating was significant and largely driven by income growth, but in typical heating zones, the time-sharing fraction was <5% and was not significantly increased, except in areas with policy intervention. The intervention policy not only led to dramatic increases in the clean energy fraction for heating but also accelerated the clean cooking transition. Higher income, higher education, younger age, less energy/stove stacking and smaller family size positively impacted the clean energy transition.

Linking the Fasting Blood Glucose Level to Short-Term-Exposed Particulate Constituents and Pollution Sources: Results from a Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study in China.

Ambient PM2.5 (fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 2.5 µm) is thought to be associated with the development of diabetes, but few studies traced the effects of PM2.5 components and pollution sources on the change in the fasting blood glucose (FBG). In the present study, we assessed the associations of PM2.5 constituents and their sources with the FBG in a general Chinese population aged over 40 years. Exposure to PM2.5 was positively associated with the FBG level, and each interquartile range (IQR) increase in a lag period of 30 days (18.4 µg/m3) showed the strongest association with an elevated FBG of 0.16 mmol/L (95% confidence interval: 0.04, 0.28). Among various constituents, increases in exposed elemental carbon, organic matter, arsenic, and heavy metals such as silver, cadmium, lead, and zinc were associated with higher FBG, whereas barium and chromium were associated with lower FBG levels. The elevated FBG level was closely associated with the PM2.5 from coal combustion, industrial sources, and vehicle emissions, while the association with secondary sources was statistically insignificant. Improving air quality by tracing back to the pollution sources would help to develop well-directed policies to protect human health.

Impacts of Household Coal Combustion on Indoor Ultrafine Particles-A Preliminary Case Study and Implication on Exposure Reduction.

Ultrafine particles (UFPs) significantly affect human health and climate. UFPs can be produced largely from the incomplete burning of solid fuels in stoves; however, indoor UFPs are less studied compared to outdoor UFPs, especially in coal-combustion homes. In this study, indoor and outdoor UFP concentrations were measured simultaneously by using a portable instrument, and internal and outdoor source contributions to indoor UFPs were estimated using a statistical approach based on highly temporally resolved data. The total concentrations of indoor UFPs in a rural household with the presence of coal burning were as high as 1.64 × 105 (1.32 × 105-2.09 × 105 as interquartile range) #/cm3, which was nearly one order of magnitude higher than that of outdoor UFPs. Indoor UFPs were unimodal, with the greatest abundance of particles in the size range of 31.6-100 nm. The indoor-to-outdoor ratio of UFPs in a rural household was about 6.4 (2.7-16.0), while it was 0.89 (0.88-0.91) in a home without strong internal sources. A dynamic process illustrated that the particle number concentration increased by ~5 times during the coal ignition period. Indoor coal combustion made up to over 80% of indoor UFPs, while in an urban home without coal combustion sources indoors, the outdoor sources may contribute to nearly 90% of indoor UFPs. A high number concentration and a greater number of finer particles in homes with the presence of coal combustion indicated serious health hazards associated with UFP exposure and the necessity for future controls on indoor UFPs.

Wetland changes in the Amur River Basin: Differing trends and proximate causes on the Chinese and Russian sides.

According to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), understanding the extent of wetlands, their change trends and the proximate causes is important for the conservation of wetlands and endangered waterfowls. Here we studied the world's ninth largest river basin, the Amur River Basin (ARB), with a land area of 2.08 million km2. Our objectives were to address the information deficiencies of spatially explicit wetland distributions and their changes and to quantify the proximate causes of these changes in various periods in the ARB. A hybrid approach combining object-based and hierarchical decision-trees classification (HOHC) was applied to Landsat series images to obtain multitemporal land cover datasets from 1980 to 2016. Further quantitative analysis revealed that the ARB held 184,561 km2 of wetlands in 2016, accounting for 9% of the whole basin area. Among these, 59% of the wetlands were identified on the Russian side, while 40% were on the Chinese side, and 1% were on the Mongolian side. The ARB lost 22% of its wetland (52,246 km2) from 1980 to 2016, with a consistent net loss from 1980 to 2010 but an area gain from 2010 to 2016. Human activities dominated the consistent wetland losses on the Chinese side of the ARB, of which cropland expansion was the primary proximate cause of wetland loss (69%). Conversely, the wetlands on the Russian side had consistent losses from 1980 to 2010 followed by a gain from 2010 to 2016, which could be attributed to climate change. These quantified data will inform decision-making on wetland conservation and benefit scientific studies depending on spatially explicit wetland information.

New data on brown lacewing genus Wesmaelius Krüger, 1922 from China (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae), with a key to Chinese species.

A new species of the genus Wesmaelius is described from China: Wesmaelius dissectus sp. nov., which was found in Sichuan province. Wesmaelius ravus (Withycombe, 1923) was recorded in China for the first time in Hubei province and Inner Mongolia. The Wesmaelius helanensis Tian & Liu, 2011 is redescribed, with the first discovery of female in China. Updated keys to the adult males and females of the Wesmaelius from China are also provided.

New data on the genus Micromus Rambur, 1842 from China (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae), with a key to Chinese species.

A review of the genus Micromus Rambur from China is presented. A new species, Micromus setulosus sp. nov., which was found in Ningxia province, is described. The male of Micromus pallidius (Yang, 1987) and the female of Micromus perelegans Tjeder, 1936 are described for the first time in China. Keys to the adult males and females of the Micromus from China are also given.