ABSTRACT
AIM: Retrospective analysis of biological and molecular-genetic properties of strains - cau- sative agents of cholera - isolated in the period of epidemics in Ukraine in 1994 - 2011. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Phenotypic and molecular-genetic properties of 5 strains of cholera vibrios, biovar El Tor isolated from cholera patients and 4 strains from the environmental samples were studied using traditional bacteriological and genetic methods. Detection of DNA for toxigenicity genes and genes characteristic for El Tor and classic biovar were carried out by PCR method using rea- gent kits <
Subject(s)
Cholera/genetics , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Databases, Nucleic Acid , Genes, Bacterial , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Vibrio cholerae , Cholera/epidemiology , Humans , Prohibitins , Ukraine/epidemiology , Vibrio cholerae/genetics , Vibrio cholerae/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
AIM: Analysis of epidemic manifestations of natural-foci infections (NFI), clarification of spectrum of their causative agents, determination of epizootic activity of natural foci in the Crimea Federal District (KFD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Epizootologic examination of 10 administrative districts of KDF was carried out. 291 pools (2705 specimens) of ixodes ticks and 283 samples of organs of small mammals were studied by PCRmethod for the presence of DNA/RNA of causative agents of a number of NFI. RESULTS: Morbidity by NFI in KFD was registered by 6 nosologies: Lyme borreliosis, Marseilles fever, leptospirosis; tularemia, intestine yersiniosis and tick-borne viral encephalitis, wherein, transmissive infections made up 91.6%. Circulation of causative agents of Crimea hemorrhagic fever, Q fever, group of tick-borne spotted fever, Lyme borreliosis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, human monocytic ehrlichiosis, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, West Nile fever, tularemia and leptospirosis was established. CONCLUSION: Due to activity of natural foci of NFI further monitoring of epidemiologic and epizootologic manifestations of these infections in the Crimea, including using genetic methods of analysis, is necessary for ensuring sanitary-epidemiologic welfare of KFD population.
Subject(s)
Focal Infection/epidemiology , Lyme Disease/epidemiology , Tick-Borne Diseases/epidemiology , Viruses/isolation & purification , West Nile Fever/epidemiology , Animals , DNA, Viral/genetics , DNA, Viral/isolation & purification , Disease Reservoirs , Focal Infection/genetics , Focal Infection/virology , Humans , Ixodes/pathogenicity , Ixodes/virology , Lyme Disease/genetics , Lyme Disease/virology , Mammals/virology , Russia , Tick-Borne Diseases/genetics , Tick-Borne Diseases/virology , Viruses/genetics , Viruses/pathogenicity , West Nile Fever/geneticsABSTRACT
We present data on pharmacokinetics of free and liposomal forms of gentamicin. Comparative study of two drug forms showed that immobilization of gentamicin in liposomes significantly increased most important pharmacokinetic parameters of the antibiotic (AUC, Cmax, MRTpo, T(1/2), Kel, Vzpo) and reduced Clpo and Kel.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Gentamicins/pharmacokinetics , Liposomes/metabolism , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Gentamicins/administration & dosage , Gentamicins/pharmacology , Injections, Intraperitoneal , Iodine Radioisotopes/metabolism , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Liposomes/ultrastructure , Mice , Microscopy, Electron , Spectrophotometry , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Glanders is a zoonotic infection inducing acute forms of the disease (pneumonia, sepsis) in humans and animals under certain conditions, which even with the use of modern chemotherapy have unfavourable prognosis. Insufficient of efficacy of antibiotics with in vitro low MIC for planktonic bacterial suspension of Burkholderia mallei in chemotherapy of acute forms of glanders was due to the capacity of the pathogen for intracellular survival and formation of biofilms. Under such conditions the susceptibility of B. mallei to antibiotics lowered by several orders of magnitude. Chemotherapy of the glanders acute forms in animals usually provided only an increase of the lifespan, while among the survivors there was recorded a high relapse rate. More favourable outcomes were observed with the use of in vitro effective antibiotics in the form of clathrate compounds or especially liposomal forms. In the experiments with golden hamsters the survival rate reached 100% in 1000 Dlm infection even with the treatment onset by meropenem liposomal form 48 hours after the infection. Chemotherapeutics in the liposomal form significantly lowered resistance of B. mallei in both the experiments with a suspension of planktonic organisms and the use of bacteria interned in eukaryotic cells (Tetrahymena pyriformis).
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Burkholderia mallei/drug effects , Glanders/drug therapy , Thienamycins/pharmacology , Acute Disease , Animals , Burkholderia mallei/pathogenicity , Ceftazidime/pharmacology , Cricetinae , Doxycycline/pharmacology , Female , Fever/drug therapy , Glanders/etiology , Glanders/microbiology , Glanders/mortality , Liposomes , Male , Meropenem , Mesocricetus , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Survival Rate , Terpenes/chemistry , Terpenes/pharmacologyABSTRACT
A new method for obtaining the liposomal formulation of streptomycin and tetracycline is described in the present work. The physicochemical properties of this formulation were evaluated. We compared the effects of free and liposomal formulations from streptomycin and tetracycline on activity of liver enzymes in albino mice. Immobilization of antibiotics in liposomes was followed by a decrease in the inhibitory effect on protease, alkaline phosphatase, and phosphorylase. The influence of this preparation on ATPase was reduced by 2 times.
Subject(s)
Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism , Liposomes/metabolism , Liver/enzymology , Phosphorylases/metabolism , Protease Inhibitors/metabolism , Streptomycin/pharmacology , Tetracycline/pharmacology , Alkaline Phosphatase/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Liver/drug effects , Mice , Phosphorylases/antagonists & inhibitorsABSTRACT
Preparation and physicochemical properties of liposome-incorporated tetracycline are described. Comparison of the effects of tetracycline hydrochloride in free and liposome-incorporated forms on enzymatic functions of the liver showed that immobilization of the antibiotic into liposomes protects liver cells from functional disturbances.
Subject(s)
Liver/drug effects , Liver/enzymology , Tetracycline/pharmacology , Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism , Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism , Animals , Animals, Outbred Strains , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Liposomes , Liver Extracts/metabolism , Liver Function Tests , Mice , Phosphorylases/metabolism , Tetracycline/administration & dosage , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The data on preparation of liposome-entrapped gentamicin sulfate and cefoperazone and their investigation on albino mice with staphylococcal destructive pneumonia are presented. Comparative study of the efficacy of gentamicin sulfate and cefoperazone in free and liposome-entrapped forms showed that immobilization of the antibiotics in phospholipid vesicles provided a 2-fold increase of their efficacy.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Cefoperazone/administration & dosage , Gentamicins/administration & dosage , Pneumonia, Staphylococcal/drug therapy , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Cefoperazone/therapeutic use , Female , Gentamicins/therapeutic use , Liposomes , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred StrainsABSTRACT
The study has examined how the plague bacillus expresses genes of two high-molecular weight (190 and 240 kD) iron-regulated membrane proteins (HMWP). The latter were purified and assayed for their immunobiological properties in vitro and in vivo. DNA-probing (at E.Carniel's Laboratory, Pasteur Institute, Paris) has indicated that Yersinia pestis strains having genes that code for HMWP synthesis circulate in the natural foci of plague which are situated in the former USSR. The use of HMWP in combination with live plague vaccine EV was found to greatly enhance its immunogenicity.