[External and internal nasal valve. Diagnostic and treatment methods for dysfunction]. / Naruzhnyi i vnutrennii nosovoi klapan. Metody diagnostiki i lecheniia pri disfunktsii.

The purpose of the work is the analysis of diagnostic methods of nasal valve dysfunction according to Pubmed database and national medical journals during the period from 1997 to 2019. A brief analysis of the definition of the zones of the external and internal nasal valve, diagnostic methods, including external nasal dilators, spiral computed tomography, assessment of the degree of displacement of the nasal wing using various aspirators is given. Various methods for treating nasal valve dysfunction, such as external and internal dilators, strengthening the nasal wings, suture techniques, expanding the edge of the pear-shaped hole, implantation of absorbable polymers into the side wall of the nose are critically evaluated. Our own original correction method is described for dysfunction of the external nasal valve caused by the vertically located legs of the inferior lateral cartilage.

[External nasal valve. Method of reconstruction with its dysfunction]. / Sposob rekonstruktsii naruzhnogo nosovogo klapana.

The aim of this work is to improve the reconstruction techniques the external nasal valve, with its dysfunction caused by vertically located lateral legs of the lower lateral cartilage. There is shown a brief analysis of the anatomy of the external and internal nasal valve, methods of reconstruction with its dysfunction and surgical correction of this. The method of reconstruction of the external nasal valve is proposed, where we have used the isolation and removal of the vertically extending lateral legs lower lateral cartilage and expansion of the valve zone by an auto / allogeneic cartilaginous graft. The advantages and disadvantages of the proposed method are estimated.

[Polymorphism of GSTT1 and GSNM1 glutathione transferase genes in smokers and patients at the early stages of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].

We studied the distribution of deletion polymorphisms of GSTT1 and GSTM1 glutathione transferase genes by PCR in patients with stage I and II chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and in smokers without COPD. The significance of the differences in allele and genotype distribution between the groups was estimated by the X2 test and BIOSTAT software package. The study revealed a significant rise in the frequency of deletion polymorphisms of GSTT1 transferase genes in patients with stage I COPD compared with controls. The odd ratio between the groups was 0.6 which suggests a two-fold decrease in the risk of COPD. Simultaneous increase in the frequency of "zero" GSTT1 genotype in patients with stage 2 COPD is indicative of rapid progress of the disease in the presence of homozygous deletion of GSTT1. The difference between the frequency of homozygous deletion of GSTM1 was insignificant. The "zero" GSTT1 genotype in heavy smokers was associated with a decreased risk of COPD and may be regarded as a marker of the diminished impact of smoking on the pulmonary function. The homozygous deletion of GSTT1 in patients at the early stages of COPD suggests the risk of its rapid progress. Deletion polymorphism of GSTT1 glutathione transferase gene is recommended to use as a marker for predictive diagnostics of development and progress of COPD.