[Dynamic of use of chemotherapeutic preparations: quantity, nomenclature, main trends and the problems in medical practice]. / Dinamika primeneniia khimioterapevticheskikh preparatov: kolicherstvo, nomenklatura, osnovnye tendentsii i problemy dlia meditsinskoi praktiki.

Data on the amounts, nomenclature and trends in the dynamics of the use of chemotherapeutic drugs in medicine and agriculture in the RSFSR in 1971-1983 were examined. It was shown that the amounts of their use for these purposes permanently increased. The levels of the use of antibacterial drugs in agriculture markedly exceeded (1.5 to 9 times in different years) those in medicine. On the whole tetracyclines, penicillins and nitrofurans were the drugs most widely used in both medicine and agriculture. The proportions of their use amounted to 39.7-61.2, 9.8-28.1 and 8.3-17.9 per cent, respectively. The use of chloramphenicol and aminoglycosides was somewhat lower, i.e. 10.6-15.8 and 6.5-9.2 per cent, respectively. The proportion of the use of the drugs of other groups did not exceed 2.1 per cent. It was stated that the chemotherapeutic drugs used in medicine for treatment of patients were widely used for nonmedical purposes. Among them are tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides and lately nitrofurans. The levels of the use of some chemotherapeutic drugs and variability in their MICs for the Shigella populations tested were compared. It was concluded that the level of the drug use was not the only factor influencing development of the resistance in Shigella spp.

[Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from children with acute intestinal diseases]. / Vydelenie Campylobacter jejuni i Campylobacter, coli ot detei s ostrymi kishechnymi zabolevaniiami.

In this work the data obtained in the examination of 338 children with diarrhea, aged 5 days to 14 years, are presented. The methods used for the collection of samples and their storage till the moment of inoculation are described. The possibility of using the microscopic examination of Campylobacter-containing native feces is shown. The work resulted in the isolation of 85 C. jejuni and C. coli strains. As shown in this work, the isolation of Campylobacter depended on the age of children and the season. The etiological importance of Campylobacter for the development of acute enterocolitis and gastroenteritis in 10% of the children under examination is suggested.

[Development of test systems of immunoenzyme analysis for the rapid diagnosis of rotavirus infection]. / Razrabotka test-sistem immunofermentnogo analiza dlia bystroi diagnostiki rotavirusnoi infektsii.

A test system of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) consisting of simian rotavirus SA-11 and rabbit antiserum has been developed for the detection of rotavirus antigen. Direct EIA was used for tests on stool specimens from 289 children varying in ages from 10 days to 12 years suffering from acute enteric infections and 56 normal children. The antigen was detected in 22.1% and 3.5%, respectively, in patients predominantly in the first 3 days of the disease and most frequently in cases running as gastroenteritis. The results are discussed with reference to the possibility of the development of rotavirus carrier state and mixed virus-bacteria infections.

[Diagnostic test system for the quantitative determination of Shigella antigens in patient blood by an immunoenzyme analytical method]. / Diagnosticheskaia test-sistema dlia kolichestvennogo opredeleniia shigelleznykh antigenov v krovi bol'nykh metodom immunofermentnogo analiza.

The diagnostic test system under trial has been shown to permit the detection of S. sonnei and S. flexneri specific antigens with an accuracy of 10(-3) micrograms. Along with high sensitivity, the test system has sufficiently high specificity. Statistically significant differences in the occurrence of specific dysentery antigens and their levels in the blood of dysentery patients and healthy persons have been revealed.

[Pharmacokinetic interaction of antibiotics and pathogenetic agents in suppurative meningitis]. / Farmakokineticheskoe vzaimodeistvie antibiotikov i patogeneticheskikh sredstv u bol'nykh gnoinymi meningitami.

The effect of the widely used pathogenetic agents, such as detoxicating fluids and diuretics on the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics, i.e. benzylpenicillin, ampicillin and levomycetin was studied. It was shown that infusion of the detoxicating fluids had an effect on the antibiotic blood levels which depended on the volume of the fluid used. The pharmacokinetics of the antibiotics was found to be changed when the antibiotics were used simultaneously with the diuretics. This is of a special importance for documenting the tactics of antibacterial therapy in patients with meningitis complicated by the brain edema, since intensive dehydration therapy is required in such cases. Significant changes in the pharmacokinetic interaction of the antibiotics with different diuretics, i.e. mannitol, lasix and furosemide were demonstrated. Respective recommendations for the medical practice were developed on the basis of this study.

[Antibiotic resistance of Shigella in different regions of the USSR]. / Antibiotikorezistentnost' shigell na razlichnykh territoriakh strany.

Shigella were most sensitive to polymyxin ceporin, ampicillin, neomycin and furazolidone and resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline and streptomycin. Shigella resistant simultaneously to two or three drugs mainly to tetracycline + chloramphenicol, tetracycline + streptomycin and tetracycline + chloramphenicol + streptomycin were most frequent. The frequency of the Shigella strains carrying R-plasmids increased from 28 per cent in 1969--1970 to 72.6 per cent in 1977. The Shigella strains isolated during the dysentery outbreak in 1973--1977 carried the R-factor controlling resistance to tetracycline + chloramphenicol, tetracycline + chloramphenicol + streptomycin, tetracycline + chloramphenicol + streptomycin + neomycin. Interaction between separate biochemical types, colicinogenicity and drug resistance classes was found in the Shigella isolates. The data on the effect of antibiotic (tetracyclines) intensive use in stock-raising defining wide spread of the R-plasmids controlling resistance to these drugs were obtained.

[Evaluation of the sanative action of rifampicin on the meningococcal carrier state]. / Otsenka saniruiushchego deistviia rifampitsina na nositel'stvo meningokokkov.

The results of the epidemiological control experiment on the efficacy of rifampicin in sanation of meningococci carriers are presented. The preliminary study of rifampicin sensitivity of 41 freshly isolated nasopharyngeal meningococcal strains showed that the MIC of the drug for 63 per cent of the isolates was 0.04--0.1 gamma/ml. Sanation was performed for 2 days; 1.2 g of the drug was used during the treatment course. The results of examination of 91 meningococci carriers showed that 4 days after the sanation the specific weight of the persons isolating no meningococci was reliably higher in the experimental group than that in the control group. The coefficient of rifampicin efficiency was 70.8 per cent. 10 days after sanation the difference in the level of the carriers isolating no meningococci in the experimental and the control groups was statistically insignificant. Therefore, the carriers treated with the drug received temporary protection from the causative agent at an average for 1 week. Later on they could become carriers again. As a result of sanation no changes in the meningococcal sensitivity to rifampicin was observed.

[Comparative effectiveness of ampicillin and benzylpenicillin in generalized forms of meningococcal infection]. / Sravnitel' naia éffektivnost' ampitsillina i benzilpenitsillina pri generalizovannykh formakh meningokokkovoi infektsii

Two groups of 49 patients each with generalized forms of meningococcal infection were observed. The patients of the 1st group were treated with ampicillin in a dose of 200-400 Units/kg and the patients of the 2nd group were treated with benzylpenicillin in a dose of 200000-300000 Units/kg of the body weight daily. Comparison of the ampicillin and benzylpenicillin liquor levels showed that benzylpenicillin was more persistent during the whole period between the injections. The indices of the patients' recovery in the groups observed did not differ significantly, which provided a conclusion that ampicillin was clinically effective and may be recommended as an independent etiotropic drug for treatment of generalized forms of meningococcal infection.

[Clinical evaluation of antibiotic therapy of NAG-infection]. / Klinicheskaia otsenka antibiotikoterapii bol'nykh NAG-infedtsiei

It is not concluded yet whether it is expedient to use antibiotic therapy with respect to patients and vibrio-carries with NAG-infection. Observation of a group of patients with acute gastro-intestinal infections caused by NAG-vibrio and carriers of NAG-vibrioes showed that the rate of vibrio isolation after a course of antibiotic therapy (tetracycline, levomycetin) significantly decreased as compared to that in the group of the patients subjected only to symptomatic therapy. The data of the study provided recommendation of antibacterial therapy with respect to patients with NAG-infection especially in cases with accompanying infections or invasions. As for "asymptomic" carriers antibiotic therapy is required only with respect to persons with repeated vibrio isolation.