Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of dimeric follicle-stimulating hormone receptor antagonists.

A series of homo- and heterodimeric compounds encompassing the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) antagonist (R)-1 and its inactive conformer (S)-1 connected through ethylene glycol spacers of various lengths is described. Evaluation of these compounds reveals that dimeric compounds, with a spacer of sufficient length, bearing two active copies of the antagonist are more potent relative to dimeric compounds in which one of the active pharmacophores is replaced by an inactive conformer. Interestingly, the opposite trend is observed if a short spacer is used, indicating that these compounds may be valuable tools to study FSHR dimerization in greater detail.

Discovery of selective luteinizing hormone receptor agonists using the bivalent ligand method.

Two series of dimeric ligands for a G-protein-coupled receptor were prepared that differ by the interconnecting spacer system. Biological evaluation revealed that both dimeric series exhibit unique biological properties relative to their monomeric counterparts.The luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), and the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) belong to the glycoprotein hormone receptor (GpHR) family. A prominent feature of all endogenous glycoprotein ligands is that they share an identical alpha subunit and acquire their selectivity from the unique beta subunit. Recent developments in pro-fertility research have led to the discovery of several low-molecular-weight agonists for the luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor that bind to the transmembrane (TM) region of the LHR. Interestingly, some of these agonists are also able to activate the FSHR. Several research groups have shown that ligand dimerization presents a powerful tool to increase the subtype selectivity for structurally related G-protein-coupled receptors. In this work, we applied the dimerization strategy to GpHRs and explored the effect on receptors with closely related TM regions. Two series of dimeric ligands were prepared that differ in the interconnecting spacer system. Biological evaluation revealed that both series exhibit unique selectivity properties for the LHR, originating from either decreased potency or a decreased efficacy toward the FSHR.

Synthesis and evaluation of homodimeric GnRHR antagonists having a rigid bis-propargylated benzene core.

The fact that GPCRs might function in a dimeric fashion is currently well accepted. For GnRHR, a GPCR that regulates gonadotropin release, there is evidence that the receptor also functions as a dimer. We here describe the design and synthesis of a set of dimeric GnRHR antagonists in order to understand the interaction of dimeric ligands to the receptor and to address the question whether GnRHR dimerization is a prerequisite for signalling. Biological evaluation of the compounds shows no discrimination between monomeric and dimeric-ligands in respect to binding affinities, however, the dimeric ligands appear to have different functional properties.

[3H]Org 43553, the first low-molecular-weight agonistic and allosteric radioligand for the human luteinizing hormone receptor.

The luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor plays a pivotal role in reproduction. The high-molecular-weight (HMW) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and LH are the endogenous ligands of this receptor and bind to its large N terminus. The present study characterizes the binding of a new low-molecular-weight (LMW) radioligand, [(3)H]5-amino-2-methylsulfanyl-4-[3-(2-morpholin-4-yl-acetylamino)-phenyl]-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid tert-butylamide (Org 43553), at the LH receptor. Equilibrium saturation and displacement assays were developed and optimized. Specific binding of [(3)H]Org 43553 to CHO-K1 cell membranes expressing the human LH receptor and a cAMP response element-luciferase reporter gene was saturable with a K(D) value of 2.4 +/- 0.4 nM and a B(max) value of 1.6 +/- 0.2 pmol/mg protein. Affinities of five LMW analogs of Org 43553 were determined. All displaced the radioligand competitively, with K(i) values ranging from 3.3 to 100 nM. Finally, the potency of these compounds in a cAMP-induced luciferase assay was also determined. There was a high correlation between affinity and potency (r = 0.99; P < 0.0001) of these compounds. In the search for LMW ligands, which bind allosterically to the seven-transmembrane domain of the LH receptor, a HMW radioligand (e.g., (125)I-hCG) is not suitable as it is not displaced by a LMW compound. Therefore, [(3)H]Org 43553, a new radioligand with good binding properties, allows screening for new LMW ligands that mimic the action of the endogenous hormone at the LH receptor.

Identification of an altered peptide ligand based on the endogenously presented, rheumatoid arthritis-associated, human cartilage glycoprotein-39(263-275) epitope: an MHC anchor variant peptide for immune modulation.

We sought to identify an altered peptide ligand (APL) based on the endogenously expressed synovial auto-epitope of human cartilage glycoprotein-39 (HC gp-39) for modulation of cognate, HLA-DR4-restricted T cells. For this purpose we employed a panel of well-characterized T cell hybridomas generated from HC gp-39-immunized HLA-DR4 transgenic mice. The hybridomas all respond to the HC gp-39(263-275) epitope when bound to HLA-DR4(B1*0401) but differ in their fine specificities. First, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and T-cell receptor (TCR) contact residues were identified by analysis of single site substituted analogue peptides for HLA-DR4 binding and cognate T cell recognition using both T hybridomas and polyclonal T cells from peptide-immunized HLA-DR4 transgenic mice. Analysis of single site substituted APL by cognate T cells led to identification of Phe265 as the dominant MHC anchor. The amino acids Ala268, Ser269, Glu271 and Thr272 constituted the major TCR contact residues, as substitution at these positions did not affect HLA-DR4(B1*0401) binding but abrogated T cell responses. A structural model for visualisation of TCR recognition was derived. Second, a set of non-classical APLs, modified at the MHC key anchor position but with unaltered TCR contacts, was developed. When these APLs were analysed, a partial TCR agonist was identified and found to modulate the HC gp-39(263-275)-specific, pro-inflammatory response in HLA-DR4 transgenic mice. We identified a non-classical APL by modification of the p1 MHC anchor in a synovial auto-epitope. This APL may qualify for rheumatoid arthritis immunotherapy.

Synthesis and evaluation of homo-bivalent GnRHR ligands.

G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important drug targets in pharmaceutical research. Traditionally, most research efforts have been devoted towards the design of small molecule agonists and antagonists. An interesting, yet poorly investigated class of GPCR modulators comprise the bivalent ligands, in which two receptor pharmacophores are incorporated. Here, we set out to develop a general strategy for the synthesis of bivalent compounds that are projected to bind to the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR). Our results on the dimerisation of a known GnRHR antagonist, with as key step the Huisgen 1,3-cycloaddition, and their ability to bind to and antagonize GnRH-induced GnRHR stimulation, are presented here.

Identification of substituted 6-amino-4-phenyltetrahydroquinoline derivatives: potent antagonists for the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor.

Substituted 6-amino-4-phenyl-tetrahydroquinoline derivatives are described that are antagonists for the G(s)-protein-coupled human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor. These compounds show high antagonistic efficacy in vitro using a CHO cell line expressing the human FSH receptor. Antagonist 10 also showed a submicromolar IC(50) in a more physiologically relevant rat granulosa cell assay and was found to significantly inhibit follicle growth and ovulation in an ex vivo mouse model. This compound class may open the way toward a novel, nonsteroidal approach for contraception.