Construction and validation of a new Generational Time Perspective Questionnaire.

The article presents a proposal for a new diagnostic tool-the Generational Time Perspective Questionnaire. The Generational Time Perspective was defined as a cognitive-affective representation of the future in relation to the lives of a generation of people that the current generation of people will not live to see. This definition was the starting point for the construction of the Generational Time Perspective Questionnaire. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicate a two-factor structure of the Generational Time Perspective Questionnaire. The first factor includes items about the cognitive representation of the future in the next generations. The second factor describes negative emotions towards the problems that humanity may face in future generations. The reliability of the particular dimensions of the questionnaire is satisfactory. The Generational Time Perspective Questionnaire correlates with other constructs that diagnose different aspects of an individual's temporality.

Self-Assessment of Physical Fitness and Health versus Motivational Value of Physical Activity Goals in People Practicing Fitness, Football, Martial Arts and Wheelchair Rugby.

The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between self-assessment of physical fitness and health, and the motivational role of physical activity goals in people, depending on their sports discipline. The study included 470 men and 218 women, aged 18-45, from western and southern Poland. The respondents practiced sports recreationally (fitness-F), competitively (football-FB, martial arts-MA), and for rehabilitation and sports purposes (wheelchair rugby-R). The standardized questionnaire for the motivational role of physical activity goals (Inventory of Physical Activity Objectives, IPAO) by Lipowski and Zaleski and the authors' questionnaire on lifestyle were used. In the statistical analyses, non-parametric statistics were used. Individuals with very high and high self-assessment of their physical fitness and very good self-assessment of health achieved higher scores on the motivational value scale, time management, motivational conflict and multidimensionality of physical activity goals (p < 0.05). Respondents who assessed their health as very good achieved lower results on the perseverance scale, compared to those who assessed their health as good or poor. Self-assessment of physical fitness had a positive, high and moderate correlation with the self-assessment of health in people practicing wheelchair rugby, fitness, football and martial arts (r = 0.61; r = 0.52; r = 0.41; r = 0.40, respectively). Correlations were found between the motivational role and time management in people practicing fitness (r = 0.81), football (r = 0.66) and martial arts (r = 0.45), and multidimensionality of goals in those practicing fitness (r = 0.65) and martial arts (r = 0.42) Wheelchair rugby players scored the highest on all KCAF scales (except for motivational conflict). Self-assessment of physical fitness of wheelchair rugby players and fitness practitioners was negatively correlated with time management (r = -0.68; r = -0.49), multidimensionality of goals (r = -0.51; r = -0.49) and motivational values (r = -0.43; r = -0.43). The demonstrated relationships indicated that there was a need to strengthen the self-esteem and motivation for physical activity, promoting perseverance, the ability to focus on the implementation of one's goals and prioritizing the goals among people practicing various sports disciplines.

Religious Struggle and Life Satisfaction Among Adult Christians: Self-esteem as a Mediator.

The religious dimension of life represents an important source of human strength, meaning, and coping for many people. However, the religious life is not always "smooth and easy" and can be associated with weak personal adjustment, poorer psychological well-being, and lower satisfaction. Yet, besides the direct relationship between these variables, some researchers postulate the existence of an indirect association that has not been fully explained by various psychosocial mediators. The aim of the present study was to verify whether self-esteem could be a potential mediator between religious strain and life satisfaction. The sample consisted of 607 adult Christians (49.6% women) aged between 18 and 79. We used the Religious Comfort and Strain Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Consistent with our hypotheses, life satisfaction positively correlated with religious comfort and was negatively associated with fear/guilt, negative emotions toward God, and negative social interactions surrounding religion. The same pattern of results was shown in the case of self-esteem. Moreover, the outcomes obtained from bootstrap sampling (5000) with a 95% confidence interval indicated a significant role of self-esteem as a mediator in all of the relationships between: (1) religious comfort and life satisfaction; (2) fear/guilt and life satisfaction; (3) negative emotions toward God and life satisfaction; and (4) negative social interactions surrounding religion and life satisfaction.

Correlates of Health Literacy Among Polish Immigrants With Chronic Health Conditions: Preliminary Results.

The rapid increase in immigration to the United States in the past decades has resulted in an influx of individuals who have to familiarize themselves with a completely new health care system and practices, often in a new language. The purpose of this study was to assess health literacy and investigate its correlates among older U.S. Polish immigrants living in the Greater Chicago area. We conducted a cross-sectional study on 60 older adults (24 men, 36 women; mean age = 71.1 years) who completed the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy (S-TOFHLA) and a demographic survey. Scores on S-TOFHLA were lower among older and less-educated immigrants. Undocumented immigrants reported using health care services less frequently than those with legal status. These results confirm the findings of previous studies that older age and fewer years of education are associated with inadequate health literacy. Being familiar with at least the basic information about one's condition will help patients to better understand a diagnosis, manage their symptoms, and improve any preventive treatment. The findings emphasize the importance of health education among older Polish immigrants. More research employing diverse groups of immigrants is needed to better understand the factors associated with health literacy.

Transcendent and Transcendental Time Perspective Inventory.

The purpose of this paper is to propose a tool to examine the transcendent and transcendental time perspective (TTTP). The inspiration to develop the scale were Philip G. Zimbardo and John N. Boyd studies, as well as by Lars Tornstam's gerotranscendence theory and own research. The analysis of life from death to eternity is an interesting, heterogeneous and difficult subject of study. The proposed TTTP inventory can be utilized to investigate the future that extends beyond the frames of a personal time perspective, beyond the individual's death as well as beyond the recognized, standard ways of understanding oneself, other people and the world. The inventory refers to changes of quantitative and qualitative nature relating to what is going to happen. It is composed of two sub-scales: the transcendental future and the transcendent future. The paper outlines the psychometric values of the qualities of the inventory, its validity and accuracy based on such indicators as the discriminative of items, the Cronbach alpha index for each of the sub-inventories and the exploratory factor analysis. The study findings come from analyses conducted on a group of 211 elderly subjects (the average age of 65; 70% women, 30% men). A confirmatory factor analysis was also conducted on a group of 238 elderly subjects (the average age of 66; 69% women, 28% men, 3% no gender data available). Additionally, the paper presents data on the accuracy of the external scale. The data are interpreted in the light of the time perspective theory as well as the existing studies.